Intiñan Solar Museum, Quito, Ecuador

The Intiñan Solar Museum, located just outside Quito, Ecuador, offers a fascinating blend of science, culture, and folklore centered around the equator.

Unlike the nearby Mitad del Mundo monument, which marks the "official" equatorial line, Intiñan claims to sit on the "true" equator—based on GPS readings that suggest it's more accurate. Visitors are greeted by a red line painted across the grounds, symbolizing the Earth's midpoint, and are invited to participate in quirky experiments that explore the unique physics at play on the equator, such as balancing an egg on a nail or observing the Coriolis effect.

Beyond the scientific curiosities, the museum also serves as a cultural showcase. Exhibits include life-size dioramas of indigenous Ecuadorian tribes like the Shuar and Tsachila, complete with traditional homes and even a guinea pig farm. There's a burial mound that offers insights into native funeral rituals, and a totemic forest that adds a mystical touch to the experience. These elements provide a rich context for understanding Ecuador’s diverse heritage, making the museum more than just a scientific attraction.

The museum was founded in 1989 and built around century-old huts to preserve the traditions of equatorial and Lulumbamba peoples. Its name, “Intiñán,” comes from the Quechua words Inti (sun) and Ñan (path), meaning “Path of the Sun.” This poetic name reflects the museum’s mission to connect visitors with both the astronomical and cultural significance of the equator. The museum’s founder, Humberto Vera, was instrumental in researching early indigenous astronomers and promoting Ecuador’s identity as the center of the world.

Whether you're intrigued by physics or drawn to indigenous history, the Intiñan Solar Museum offers a playful yet educational experience for all ages. From blow-dart demonstrations to shrunken heads, it’s a place where science and storytelling converge in the shadow of the Andes.

Welcome sign «Welcome to the Inti-nan solar museum. You have arrived to the latitude 00° 00’ 00” calculated with G.P.S. You would find archaeology and astronomy of the equatorial solar culture. Watch the coriolis centrifugal forces on a sink where the water falls straight down. Here you can stand an egg on the head of a nail (if you can balance it you get a certificate). Check the time on the solar clock. Also we will show you some traditions of the Andean people in an authentic house from 1875. Traditions and animals of the Ecuadorian amazon rain forest, as well as an authentic shrunken head of the Shuar's tribe, wuaorani and kichwa. Visit our intercontinental totemic forest.» Photograph by Murray Foubister, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Cylindrical building imitating a primitive solar observatory At the entrance to the Intiñan Solar Museum, located near the equatorial line in Ecuador, visitors are greeted by a striking cylindrical building that evokes the spirit of ancient solar observatories. This structure, with its rounded form and stone-like facade, appears purposefully designed to mimic the primitive architecture used by ancestral cultures to track the sun’s movement. The museum itself is dedicated to exploring the intersection of science and indigenous knowledge, and this building serves as a symbolic gateway to that experience. Above the doorway of the cylindrical building is the word “ACORATENE,” a term that resonates with the museum’s mission to preserve and interpret ancestral wisdom. While the exact meaning of “ACORATENE” isn’t widely documented, it is prominently featured in the museum’s description of solar phenomena and may refer to a conceptual or ceremonial space where the sun’s path is observed and honored. Visitors are invited to “observe the path of the sun (Intiñan) in the Acoratene,” suggesting that the building plays a role in demonstrating solar alignment or seasonal changes. Inside, the museum offers interactive exhibits that blend physics, astronomy, and cultural heritage. The cylindrical building likely functions as a focal point for these demonstrations, allowing guests to witness how ancient peoples may have used architecture to mark solstices, equinoxes, and other celestial events. Its design encourages reflection on how indigenous communities understood their place in the cosmos—not through modern instruments, but through careful observation and reverence for natural cycles. The presence of the Acoratene at the museum’s entrance sets the tone for a journey into both scientific inquiry and spiritual tradition. It’s more than just a building—it’s a monument to the ingenuity of ancestral civilizations and their deep connection to the sun. Whether you're drawn by curiosity or cultural appreciation, stepping through its doorway feels like entering a space where time, nature, and knowledge converge. Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Diabluma character in the main square The Diabluma is a striking figure rooted in Ecuadorian Andean tradition, often appearing in festivals such as La Diablada de Pillaro, where it embodies both rebellion and spiritual complexity. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, located near the equator in San Antonio de Pichincha, the Diabluma is immortalized in a dramatic sculpture in the main plaza. This representation is not just folkloric—it’s deeply symbolic, capturing the tension between indigenous identity, colonial legacy, and cosmic balance. The museum, which celebrates the intersection of science and ancestral wisdom, uses the Diabluma to anchor visitors in the spiritual and cultural depth of the region. The mask of the Diabluma is a central element of its power. With exaggerated horns, bulging eyes, and a fierce expression, it evokes both fear and reverence. In Andean cosmology, masks are more than disguises—they are spiritual conduits that allow the wearer to embody forces beyond the human realm. The Diabluma’s mask represents the duality of good and evil, chaos and order, and serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles fought not just in myth, but in the lived experience of indigenous communities resisting domination. It’s a face that confronts history, demanding recognition and respect. In its right hand, the Diabluma wields a whip—a symbol of resistance, punishment, and authority. The whip recalls the suffering endured under colonial rule, but also the power to retaliate and assert control. It’s a tool of both oppression and liberation, depending on who holds it. Within the museum’s context, the whip becomes a metaphor for the enduring struggle of indigenous peoples to reclaim their narratives and assert their place in the world. It’s a gesture of defiance, but also of justice. The left hand holds a corncob, a sacred symbol in Andean culture. Corn is more than food—it’s life itself, tied to agricultural cycles, fertility, and spiritual nourishment. By holding the corncob, the Diabluma balances its aggressive stance with a gesture of abundance and continuity. This duality—whip in one hand, corn in the other—captures the essence of Andean worldview: a universe where struggle and sustenance coexist, and where spiritual power is rooted in both resistance and reverence. The sculpture at Intiñan thus becomes a living narrative, inviting reflection on the complexity and resilience of Ecuador’s indigenous heritage. Photograph by Murray Foubister, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Mapuche statue Mapuche statues, known as chemamüll (meaning "wooden person" in Mapudungun), are traditional carved wooden figures created by the Mapuche people of southern Chile and Argentina. These statues were typically placed near graves and served as spiritual guardians for the deceased. Standing tall and solemn, chemamüll often feature stylized human forms with minimalistic facial features—large eyes, straight noses, and elongated bodies—designed to represent the soul's journey and to honor ancestors. Their simplicity and verticality evoke a quiet strength and reverence, deeply rooted in Mapuche cosmology. At the Intiñan Solar Museum in Ecuador, a sculptural reconstruction inspired by Mapuche traditions is part of the museum’s broader effort to showcase Indigenous cultures from across Latin America. This particular statue stands within the museum’s Totemic Forest, a curated space filled with totem-like sculptures representing various pre-Columbian and Indigenous groups. The Mapuche-inspired figure is carved with a stark, upright posture and a serene expression, echoing the spiritual dignity of the original chemamüll. Though not an exact replica, it captures the essence of Mapuche funerary art and its role in bridging the physical and spiritual realms. The inclusion of this reconstruction at Intiñan reflects the museum’s mission to celebrate the diversity of Indigenous belief systems and their artistic expressions. By placing the Mapuche statue alongside other cultural representations—such as Inca sun god totems or Amazonian ritual objects—the museum creates a visual dialogue between traditions. Visitors are invited to consider how different cultures use sculpture to embody spiritual values, commemorate ancestors, and define sacred space. Ultimately, the Mapuche statue at Intiñan Solar Museum serves as a powerful symbol of cultural continuity and respect for ancestral wisdom. It reminds us that Indigenous art is not merely historical—it is a living testament to the values, beliefs, and identities of the peoples who created it. Through this reconstruction, the museum honors the Mapuche legacy and offers a space for reflection on the shared human impulse to memorialize and connect with the unseen. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Interior of the reconstruction of a hut used by the Indians of the Ecuadorian Amazon The Indigenous peoples of the Ecuadorian Amazon, such as the Achuar, Waorani, and Shuar, have traditionally lived in huts that reflect their deep connection to the rainforest. These structures are typically built from locally sourced materials—wooden trunks, palm leaves, and vines—and are designed to harmonize with the environment. The huts are elevated slightly off the ground to protect from flooding and pests, and their open design allows for ventilation in the humid climate. These homes are not just shelters but communal spaces where stories, rituals, and daily life unfold in rhythm with nature. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, a reconstructed Amazonian hut offers visitors a glimpse into this traditional way of life. The hut stands as a tribute to Indigenous ingenuity and ecological wisdom, showcasing the simplicity and functionality of rainforest architecture. Its thatched roof and wooden frame evoke the ancestral knowledge passed down through generations, and the museum uses this reconstruction to educate guests about the cultural and environmental context of Amazonian communities. One of the most fascinating aspects of these communities is their use of long blowguns, often reaching lengths of two meters or more. These blowguns are crafted from hollowed-out palm trunks and are used with remarkable precision to hunt small animals and birds. The darts are tipped with curare, a plant-based poison that immobilizes prey without damaging the meat. This hunting technique reflects a deep understanding of botany and physics, and it’s still practiced today in remote parts of the Amazon. The blowgun, displayed alongside the hut at the Intiñan Solar Museum, symbolizes both survival and spiritual connection. It’s not merely a weapon—it’s a tool of balance, used with respect for the forest and its creatures. By highlighting this aspect of Indigenous life, the museum honors the harmony between human ingenuity and the natural world, inviting visitors to reflect on the wisdom embedded in traditional practices. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Stages of the tzantza ritual for shrinking heads The tzantza ritual, practiced by the Shuar people of the Ecuadorian Amazon, is one of the most enigmatic and spiritually charged traditions in Indigenous South American culture. This ritual involves the shrinking of human heads—typically those of enemies—as a way to capture and neutralize their spirit. Far from being a mere act of violence, the tzantza is a deeply symbolic rite that serves to restore cosmic balance, protect the community, and honor ancestral justice. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, this practice is presented with sensitivity and depth, offering visitors a six-step scheme that outlines the ritual’s complexity and spiritual significance. The museum’s exhibit begins by explaining the initial act: the warrior, after defeating an enemy, removes the head and retreats into the forest for a period of fasting and spiritual preparation. This isolation is crucial, as it allows the warrior to cleanse himself and seek guidance from Ayumpum, the spirit of life and death. The second step involves removing the skin from the skull and boiling it to begin the shrinking process. The third and fourth steps include drying the skin over hot ashes and inserting hot pebbles to mold the features, ensuring the face retains its human likeness. These steps are performed with reverence, as the warrior calls upon spiritual forces to prevent the victim’s soul from returning to seek revenge. In the fifth step, the warrior paints the face with charcoal and seals the eyes and mouth, symbolically closing the portals through which the spirit might escape. This act is not only practical but deeply spiritual—it ensures that the soul remains contained and can be ritually transformed. The final step involves a communal celebration, where elders, warriors, and women participate in chants, tobacco rituals, and symbolic gestures to cleanse the warrior and reintegrate him into society. A lock of hair is cut and thrown into the river, signifying the release of the past and the rebirth of the victim’s soul within the community. The tzantza ritual, as presented at the Intiñan Solar Museum, is not glorified but contextualized as a sacred rite of justice and transformation. It reflects the Shuar worldview, where life, death, and spiritual power are intricately connected. By preserving and interpreting this tradition, the museum invites visitors to look beyond sensationalism and appreciate the profound cultural logic that underpins one of the Amazon’s most mysterious practices. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Reproductions of shrunken heads To the Shuar people, the shrunken head—known as a tsantsa—is far more than a gruesome war trophy. It is a potent spiritual artifact, deeply embedded in their cosmology and belief system. The Shuar believe in three fundamental spirits: Wakani, the innate human soul that survives death; Arutam, a protective force that shields individuals from violent death; and Muisak, the vengeful spirit that emerges when someone carrying Arutam is murdered. The tsantsa ritual was designed to neutralize the Muisak, preventing it from seeking revenge on the killer or their community. Shrinking the head of an enemy was believed to harness and contain the spirit within, compelling it to serve the warrior who performed the ritual. The process—painstaking and spiritually charged—involved removing the skull, boiling the skin with tannin-rich herbs, and molding it with hot stones and sand. The eyes and mouth were sewn shut and coated with charcoal ash, symbolically sealing the spirit inside and preventing its escape. This act was not merely practical; it was a sacred safeguard against spiritual retaliation. The tsantsa also served as a warning to enemies and a symbol of victory. However, the Shuar did not keep these heads indefinitely. After the spiritual threat was neutralized and the victory celebrated, many tsantsas were used in religious ceremonies and feasts. Accounts vary—some suggest the heads were discarded, while others say they were stored or buried. Regardless of their final disposition, the heads were never treated as mere objects; they were respected as vessels of spiritual energy and transformation. Ultimately, the tsantsa embodies the Shuar’s intricate relationship with death, power, and the spirit world. It reflects a worldview where warfare, ritual, and cosmology are tightly interwoven, and where the physical act of head shrinking is inseparable from its metaphysical purpose. Far from being a relic of violence, the tsantsa is a testament to the Shuar’s profound spiritual understanding and their enduring cultural identity. Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Large preserved spiders and boa constrictors on display The Ecuadorian Amazon is home to some of the most formidable creatures in the rainforest, including massive spiders and powerful boas. These animals play vital roles in the ecosystem, serving as both predators and prey in the dense, humid jungle. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, several preserved specimens of these creatures are on display, offering visitors a close-up look at the astonishing biodiversity of the region. The museum uses these exhibits to highlight the intersection of natural science and cultural heritage, emphasizing the awe and respect these animals command among Indigenous communities. Among the spiders, species like the Golden Silk Spider (Trichonephila clavipes) stand out for their size and web-building prowess. These spiders can construct webs up to two meters (6.5 feet) in diameter, with silk that glows golden in the sunlight. Though their bodies are relatively small—females reaching around 4–5 centimeters—their long, banded legs and vivid coloration make them visually striking. The Amazon also hosts tarantulas and other large arachnids, some with leg spans exceeding 15 centimeters (6 inches), which are capable of preying on small birds and amphibians. Boas, particularly the boa constrictor, are among the largest snakes found in the Ecuadorian Amazon. These powerful reptiles can grow up to 4 meters (13 feet) in length and are known for their method of subduing prey through constriction. Their diet includes rodents, birds, and even monkeys, and their camouflage allows them to ambush prey with stealth and precision. The preserved boa specimens at the Intiñan Solar Museum showcase their muscular build and intricate scale patterns, offering a glimpse into the evolutionary adaptations that make them such effective hunters. By displaying these creatures, the museum not only educates visitors about the Amazon’s rich biodiversity but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the delicate balance of life in the rainforest. These animals, often feared or misunderstood, are presented as integral parts of a complex web of ecological and cultural relationships. Their presence in the museum serves as a reminder of the power and mystery of nature, and the importance of preserving the habitats that sustain them. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Original 1875 huts (Chozas originales 1875) At the Intiñan Solar Museum, located just outside Quito near the equatorial line, visitors can explore the “Chozas originales 1875”—centuries-old huts that have stood on this very site since the late 19th century. Unlike reconstructed exhibits, these huts were genuinely inhabited by the local Indigenous population of the region, particularly the Lulumbamba people, until relatively recently. Their preservation offers a rare and authentic glimpse into the domestic architecture and daily life of equatorial communities, showcasing how people adapted their homes to the climate and terrain of the highlands near the Middle of the World. These huts are not just static displays; they remain alive with tradition. Inside, cuy (guinea pigs) are raised as they have been for generations. Cuy are deeply embedded in the cultural and nutritional practices of Indigenous Andean societies. They are a primary source of protein and are often kept indoors for convenience and protection. Their small size and quiet nature make them ideal for domestic rearing, and their presence in the huts reflects a continuity of lifestyle that has endured for centuries. Beyond their culinary value, cuy hold ceremonial and spiritual importance. In many Indigenous healing rituals, cuy are believed to absorb negative energies or reveal hidden ailments, making them central to traditional medicine. Their role in festivals and ancestral rites underscores their symbolic weight in the community. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, the inclusion of live cuy within the original huts allows visitors to witness firsthand how these animals are woven into the fabric of everyday life. By preserving these original 1875 huts and the living traditions within them, the Intiñan Solar Museum offers more than a historical snapshot—it provides a vibrant, respectful tribute to the enduring legacy of equatorial Indigenous cultures. Visitors leave with a deeper appreciation for the ingenuity, resilience, and spiritual depth of the people who have long called this region home. Top photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license. Bottom photographs by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Rufous-collared Sparrow The Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) is a remarkably adaptable and charismatic songbird found throughout Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Tierra del Fuego. Despite its modest size, it’s easily recognized by the warm rufous band that wraps around its neck, contrasting with its gray head and black facial stripes. Its song—a series of clear, whistled notes followed by trills—is not only melodious but also highly variable across regions, making it a favorite subject for studies in bird dialects and vocal learning. This species thrives in a wide range of habitats, including urban parks, gardens, agricultural fields, and montane scrublands. Its ability to coexist with human activity has made it a familiar sight in many Latin American cities and towns. Rufous-collared Sparrows are ground foragers, feeding on seeds, insects, and small fruits, and they often hop about with a confident, inquisitive demeanor. Though considered partially migratory in some parts of its range, many populations are sedentary, especially in equatorial regions where seasonal changes are less pronounced. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, Rufous-collared Sparrows are frequent and charming companions to visitors exploring the equatorial exhibits. Nestled in the highlands of the Andes, the museum’s open courtyards and native vegetation provide an ideal habitat for these birds. Their presence adds a layer of natural ambiance to the site, with their songs echoing through the grounds and their movements offering moments of quiet observation amid the museum’s scientific and cultural displays. Interestingly, the sparrows at Intiñan may exhibit subtle differences in song structure compared to those in other regions, due to the museum’s location near the equator and at high altitude. These local adaptations reflect the species’ remarkable plasticity and its sensitivity to environmental cues. For many visitors, spotting a Rufous-collared Sparrow at the museum becomes a symbolic encounter—an intersection of nature, science, and the unique geography of the equator. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

San Pedro cactus The San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi), native to the Andes of South America, is a revered plant with deep spiritual and medicinal significance among Indigenous cultures. Known for its tall, columnar shape and white nocturnal flowers, it has been used for thousands of years in shamanic rituals, particularly in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Shamans, or curanderos, regard the cactus as a sacred conduit to the spirit world, employing it in ceremonies to induce visions, heal emotional and physical ailments, and connect with ancestral energies. Its psychoactive properties, primarily due to mescaline, are believed to facilitate profound introspection and spiritual awakening. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, the San Pedro cactus is prominently featured among the native flora, not just as a botanical specimen but as a symbol of ancestral wisdom. The museum, which celebrates equatorial culture and Indigenous cosmology, includes exhibits that highlight the cactus’s role in spiritual practices. Visitors can observe the cactus growing naturally in the museum’s gardens, where it thrives in the high-altitude equatorial climate—mirroring the conditions of its traditional habitat near the Andes. Its presence reinforces the museum’s mission to honor the intersection of nature, science, and spirituality. Historically, the San Pedro cactus was used in rituals that aligned with solar and lunar cycles, often conducted at sacred sites like lagoons or mountain peaks. These ceremonies were designed to cleanse the spirit, diagnose illnesses, and restore balance between the physical and metaphysical realms. The cactus was seen as a “planta viva”—a living entity with its own spirit—capable of guiding participants through transformative journeys. Its use was not recreational but deeply ceremonial, requiring preparation, intention, and guidance from experienced shamans. Today, the San Pedro cactus continues to be a symbol of resilience, healing, and spiritual insight. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, it serves as a living reminder of the ancient traditions that once flourished along the equator. Its towering form and mystical reputation invite visitors to reflect on the enduring relationship between humans and the natural world, and to consider how ancestral knowledge can inform modern understandings of consciousness and well-being. Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Ancient tomb, complete with a mummified figure and surrounding ceramics Throughout ancient Latin America, ground-dug tombs were a common mortuary practice among various Indigenous cultures, especially in the Andean and coastal regions. These tombs were often shallow pits or stone-lined chambers where the deceased were placed in fetal positions, wrapped in textiles, and surrounded by offerings. Thanks to the dry climates of places like the Atacama Desert and the high Andes, many bodies underwent natural mummification. The lack of humidity and high altitude acted as a natural preservative, desiccating the bodies and allowing them to remain remarkably intact for centuries. This preservation has provided archaeologists with invaluable insights into the rituals, diets, and social structures of these ancient peoples. One of the most striking features of these burials is the inclusion of ceramics and other grave goods placed beside the deceased. These items—ranging from bowls and jars to figurines and tools—were not merely decorative but held deep symbolic meaning. They often represented the individual's profession, social status, or spiritual beliefs, and were intended to accompany the soul into the afterlife. In cultures such as the Inca and the Chinchorro, ceramics were also used to store food and drink offerings, reinforcing the belief that the dead continued to participate in communal life even after death. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, visitors can view a replica of one such ancient tomb, complete with a mummified figure and surrounding ceramics. This exhibit pays homage to the burial traditions of the region’s Indigenous ancestors, particularly those who lived near the equator and practiced solar-based cosmology. The museum’s tomb reconstruction showcases how the dry climate of the Andes contributed to the preservation of the body, and how the placement of ceramics reflected a sacred dialogue between the living and the dead. It’s a powerful reminder of how deeply intertwined astronomy, spirituality, and death were in pre-Columbian societies. By highlighting this tomb, the Intiñan Solar Museum not only educates visitors about ancient burial practices but also celebrates the enduring legacy of Indigenous knowledge. The exhibit bridges past and present, inviting reflection on how ancient cultures understood life, death, and the cosmos. It’s a testament to the reverence these civilizations held for their ancestors and the sophisticated rituals they developed to honor them. Top photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license. Bottom photograph by Murray Foubister, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Two smiling representations of the sun Sun worship has long been a central element of Indigenous spirituality across Latin America, particularly in the Andean regions of Ecuador. For cultures such as the Kichwa and Shuar, the sun—known as Inti in Quechua—is not merely a celestial body but a sacred force that governs life, seasons, and the relationship with Pachamama, or Mother Earth. The sun is revered as the father of all living beings, a divine entity whose energy sustains crops, regulates time, and connects humanity to the cosmos. This solar cosmovision is deeply embedded in agricultural practices, spiritual rituals, and communal celebrations. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, this ancestral reverence for the sun is brought to life through exhibits, architecture, and ceremonial spaces that honor its spiritual significance. The museum is situated near the equatorial line, a location that naturally enhances its thematic focus on solar alignment and cosmic balance. One of the most prominent rituals highlighted is Inti Raymi, the Festival of the Sun, traditionally celebrated around the June solstice. During this festival, communities gather to offer tributes to the sun, perform dances and songs, and express gratitude for the harvest and the renewal of life. These rituals are not only acts of devotion but also expressions of harmony with nature’s rhythms. The museum also showcases how ancient Andean civilizations, including the Incas, constructed solar observatories and temples aligned with solstices and equinoxes. These structures served both spiritual and scientific purposes, allowing communities to track the sun’s movement and plan agricultural cycles accordingly. Visitors to the Intiñan Solar Museum can explore these themes through interactive exhibits and guided tours that explain the solar calendar, the role of the sun in Indigenous cosmology, and the architectural legacy of solar worship. By emphasizing sun worship, the Intiñan Solar Museum invites visitors to reconnect with a worldview that sees the sun not just as a source of light, but as a sacred guide. It celebrates the wisdom of Indigenous peoples who lived in harmony with celestial forces, and it encourages reflection on how modern society might learn from these ancient practices. Through ritual, storytelling, and experiential learning, the museum keeps alive the spiritual legacy of Inti and the enduring reverence for the sun in Ecuadorian culture. Top photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license. Bottom photograph by Martin Zeise, Berlin, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license.

Reconstruction of the jaguar priest with the sacrificial knife in his hand The jaguar priest with the sacrificial knife is a powerful figure rooted in the solar cults of ancient Latin America, embodying the duality that shaped Indigenous cosmology: light and darkness, life and death, order and chaos. At the Intiñan Solar Museum in Ecuador, this duality is vividly captured in a sculptural reconstruction that portrays the jaguar priest in ceremonial posture, knife in hand, poised between the realms of the divine and the earthly. The sculpture is not merely artistic—it is symbolic of the eternal cosmic battle between the Sun and the Jaguar, two forces locked in a cycle of opposition and renewal. In the mythologies of cultures like the Aztecs and Mayans, the Sun—Tonatiuh or Kinich Ahau—was the supreme deity, the giver of life and the ruler of the day. Yet its journey across the sky was not guaranteed; it required nourishment in the form of blood and sacrifice. The Jaguar—Tepeyollotl—represented the night, the underworld, and the devouring force that consumed the Sun each evening. This cosmic battle was reenacted through ritual, with the jaguar priest serving as the earthly agent who ensured the Sun’s rebirth by offering human hearts, believed to contain fragments of divine fire. The sacrificial knife, often made of obsidian, was more than a tool—it was a sacred instrument, sometimes personified as a deity itself. In ceremonies, the priest would use it to extract the heart of a captive, offering it to the Sun to fuel its strength for the next day’s journey. This act was not seen as cruelty but as a sacred duty, a way to maintain cosmic balance and ensure agricultural fertility. The jaguar priest, embodying both warrior and spiritual guide, mediated between the human and divine realms, channeling the ferocity of the jaguar to serve the light of the Sun. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, this sculptural representation serves as a profound reminder of the spiritual depth and complexity of pre-Columbian belief systems. It invites visitors to reflect on how ancient peoples understood their place in the universe—not as passive observers, but as active participants in a cosmic drama. Through ritual and sacrifice, they sought to harmonize opposing forces, ensuring that life would continue and the Sun would rise again. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Tiki man Statues from ancient Latin America, particularly those created by the Maya, Aztecs, and Olmecs, often bear a striking resemblance to tiki statues from Polynesian cultures. Both traditions produced stylized human and deity figures with exaggerated features, carved from stone or wood, and imbued with deep spiritual meaning. These sculptures were not merely decorative—they served as sacred objects, placed in temples, plazas, and ceremonial sites to act as intermediaries between the physical and spiritual realms. Their imposing presence and symbolic detail reflect a shared human impulse to represent divine forces through monumental art. At the Intiñan Solar Museum in Ecuador, this cross-cultural resonance is captured in a sculptural reconstruction that evokes the tiki-like qualities of pre-Columbian statues. The figure stands tall and solemn, with pronounced facial features—large eyes, broad nose, and thick lips—that echo the aesthetic of Olmec colossal heads and Aztec deity carvings. Though not Polynesian in origin, the statue’s vertical form and spiritual posture suggest a universal archetype: the guardian figure that watches over sacred space and connects earth to sky. The symbolic significance of these statues lies in their ritualistic function. Like tiki statues, which represent gods and ancestors in Polynesian belief systems, Latin American sculptures were often used in ceremonies to invoke protection, fertility, or cosmic balance. Their exaggerated features were not meant to mimic human likeness but to convey supernatural power and divine presence. The statue at Intiñan, placed prominently within the museum’s ceremonial plaza, serves as a reminder of this sacred role—standing as a sentinel of ancestral wisdom and spiritual continuity. By showcasing such a figure, the Intiñan Solar Museum invites visitors to explore the shared threads of Indigenous spirituality across continents. It highlights how cultures separated by oceans developed similar artistic languages to express reverence for the divine. The museum’s sculpture becomes a point of reflection, encouraging guests to consider the universality of sacred art and the enduring human desire to give form to the unseen forces that shape our world. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Atlantean figure Atlantean figures—often referred to as "Atlantes"—are monumental warrior statues that originated in the Toltec civilization of central Mexico. The most iconic examples stand atop Pyramid B in the ancient city of Tula, where four towering basalt statues, each over 15 feet tall, once supported a temple structure. These figures are richly adorned with butterfly breastplates, feathered headdresses, and spear throwers, symbolizing military prowess and divine protection. Their name, borrowed from the European architectural term "Atlantes" (male figures used as columns), reflects their structural role and symbolic weight in Mesoamerican culture. The influence of these Toltec Atlantean figures extended far beyond Tula. The Maya incorporated similar warrior columns into the Temple of the Warriors at Chichen Itza, where smaller statues echo the Toltec style with feathered regalia and dart throwers. These adaptations suggest either cultural exchange, conquest, or emulation, as the Toltec aesthetic and religious symbolism permeated the Yucatán Peninsula. Likewise, the Aztecs, who revered the Toltecs as cultural forebears, created their own Atlantean figures in Tenochtitlan. These basalt statues, now housed in Mexico City's National Museum of Anthropology, were arranged to reflect Aztec cosmology, with one central figure surrounded by four others representing the cardinal directions. Interestingly, a modern homage to these ancient figures can be found at the Intiñan Solar Museum. While the museum primarily focuses on equatorial phenomena and Indigenous Ecuadorian cultures, it features a striking Atlantean-style statue that evokes the grandeur of its Mesoamerican predecessors. Though not an original artifact, this figure serves as a symbolic bridge between ancient warrior iconography and contemporary cultural storytelling. It stands among other exhibits that blend science, folklore, and ethnography, offering visitors a tactile connection to the mythic and monumental past. The presence of Atlantean figures across Toltec, Mayan, and Aztec sites underscores their enduring significance as symbols of strength, spirituality, and cosmic order. Whether supporting temples or anchoring cosmological beliefs, these statues reflect a shared Mesoamerican reverence for warrior ideals and divine architecture. Their replication in places like the Intiñan Museum speaks to their lasting impact—not just as archaeological marvels, but as cultural icons that continue to inspire awe and inquiry across time and geography. Photograph by C T Johansson, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license.

Tall totem with human and animal heads Totem poles featuring human and animal heads are powerful expressions of spiritual identity and ancestral reverence, and one such striking example stands at the heart of the Intiñan Solar Museum in Ecuador. This tall, carved monument is more than decorative—it serves as a symbolic bridge between Indigenous cosmology and the natural world. Totem poles in general are traditionally associated with Native cultures of the Pacific Northwest, but their symbolic language resonates across many Indigenous traditions in the Americas. At Intiñan, the pole is a centerpiece that invites reflection on the interconnectedness of life, the cosmos, and cultural heritage. The totem pole at Intiñan incorporates figures of animals and humans stacked vertically, each representing different spiritual attributes. Animals like the eagle, often placed at the top, symbolize vision, strength, and a connection to the divine. Other creatures may represent wisdom, protection, or transformation, depending on their traits and cultural significance. Human faces carved into the pole often signify ancestors or spiritual guides, embodying the wisdom and continuity of Indigenous lineages. Together, these figures form a visual narrative that honors the sacred relationship between people, nature, and the cosmos. This monument is not just a static sculpture—it plays a role in the museum’s broader mission to celebrate Indigenous spirituality and cosmology. Positioned near the equator, where solar energy is most direct, the totem pole aligns symbolically with the sun’s power and the museum’s emphasis on solar worship. It stands as a spiritual axis, echoing the verticality of the sun’s path and the ancestral belief in cosmic balance. Visitors are encouraged to contemplate the pole’s meanings and engage with the museum’s interactive exhibits that explore the forces of nature and the spiritual traditions tied to them. Ultimately, the totem pole at the Intiñan Solar Museum serves as a cultural beacon—a sculpted prayer to the sun, the earth, and the spirits that guide Indigenous communities. It embodies the museum’s goal of preserving and sharing ancestral wisdom, inviting guests to see beyond the physical and into the spiritual dimensions of life. Through its carvings and placement, the pole reminds us that every creature and ancestor has a role in the cosmic story, and that harmony with nature begins with reverence and understanding. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

The Cayambis's Acoratene «This is a replica of the original cylinder found and investigated by ANTONIO DE ULLOA in 1736. ACORATENE is the name of this astronomical observatory and equatorial temple of the sun. This temple was located at the equator line (the path of the sun ) in front of the Cayambe volcano at 3.500 mts. of the sea level.» The Acoratene, also known as the Solar Cylinder, is a remarkable astronomical observatory and equatorial temple of the sun attributed to the ancient Cayambis civilization in Ecuador. Located at 3,500 meters above sea level near the Cayambe volcano, this temple was strategically placed on the equator line—known as the "path of the sun"—to observe celestial phenomena. The site was designed to align with solar events such as solstices and equinoxes, allowing its builders to track the sun’s movement with precision. The name "Acoratene" itself evokes a sacred space where astronomy and spirituality converged, reflecting the Cayambis’ deep understanding of cosmic cycles. In 1736, Spanish scientist and naval officer Antonio de Ulloa, as part of the French Geodesic Mission, investigated the region and documented the existence of a cylindrical structure believed to be part of this ancient observatory. His work helped confirm the Earth's shape as an oblate spheroid and brought attention to the sophisticated astronomical knowledge of Indigenous cultures in the Andes. Ulloa’s observations of the cylinder near Cayambe contributed to the broader Enlightenment-era understanding of geography and astronomy, and his findings remain a cornerstone in the history of scientific exploration in South America. Today, a replica of this original cylinder stands proudly at the Intiñan Solar Museum. This modern reconstruction honors the legacy of the Acoratene and serves as a focal point for cultural and scientific education. Visitors to the museum can witness how the cylinder interacts with sunlight during equinoxes and solstices, just as it did centuries ago. The museum’s exhibits emphasize the ancestral worldview of the equator as a sacred axis, blending ethnographic storytelling with hands-on demonstrations of solar phenomena. The Acoratene’s enduring presence—both in historical records and modern replicas—underscores the ingenuity of the Cayambis and their reverence for the cosmos. It stands as a testament to the intersection of Indigenous knowledge and scientific inquiry, inviting reflection on how ancient cultures interpreted the universe. Through the Intiñan Museum’s efforts, the Acoratene continues to inspire awe and curiosity, bridging past and present in the heart of the world. Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Half of the World Monument seen from the solar museum Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Experimental area of the museum The experimental area at the Intiñan Solar Museum is one of its most engaging and interactive sections, designed to showcase the unique physical phenomena that occur at the equator. Located just meters from the true equatorial line, this space invites visitors to participate in hands-on demonstrations that blend science with curiosity. One of the most popular experiments involves observing the Coriolis effect using sinks placed on either side of the equator. When water is drained from a sink just north or south of the line, it swirls in opposite directions—clockwise in the south, counterclockwise in the north. But directly on the equator, the water falls straight down with no visible spin, offering a striking illustration of centrifugal forces in action. Another favorite challenge in the experimental zone is the egg-balancing activity. Visitors are invited to try balancing a raw egg on the head of a nail, a feat made slightly easier by the gravitational equilibrium at the equator. While it’s not scientifically proven that the equator makes this task easier, the museum uses it as a playful way to engage guests with the concept of balance and precision. Those who succeed receive a certificate of achievement, turning a moment of concentration into a memorable souvenir of their visit. The solar clock, also located in the experimental area, is a beautifully crafted instrument that tells time using the position of the sun. Unlike conventional clocks, this one relies on the shadow cast by a central gnomon, which moves across a calibrated surface to indicate the hour. Because the museum sits almost directly on the equator, the solar clock is especially accurate and serves as a reminder of how ancient cultures tracked time using celestial bodies. It also reinforces the museum’s theme of solar alignment and the importance of astronomy in Indigenous traditions. Altogether, the experimental area at the Intiñan Solar Museum offers a playful yet profound exploration of physics, geography, and cultural heritage. It transforms abstract scientific principles into tangible experiences, allowing visitors to feel the subtle forces that shape our planet. Whether watching water defy expectations, balancing an egg, or reading time from sunlight, guests leave with a deeper appreciation for the mysteries and marvels of the equator. Photograph by Ssr, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license.

The experiences are led by museum guides The museum guides at the Intiñan Solar Museum play a central role in shaping the visitor experience, blending theatrical flair with scientific storytelling. Dressed in traditional attire or casual uniforms, they lead groups through the museum’s outdoor exhibits, offering demonstrations that are both entertaining and thought-provoking. Their charisma and enthusiasm are key to the museum’s appeal, as they invite guests to participate in experiments like balancing eggs on nails, watching water swirl in different directions, and testing muscle strength at the equator. These activities are presented as unique phenomena tied to the museum’s location on the equatorial line, creating a sense of wonder and intrigue. However, many of the demonstrations rely on popular misconceptions or exaggerated interpretations of physical forces. For example, the Coriolis effect—often cited as the reason water drains clockwise or counterclockwise depending on hemisphere—is not observable at the scale of a household sink. The direction of water flow in these experiments is influenced more by the shape of the basin and how the water is poured than by any planetary force. Similarly, the egg-balancing trick, attributed to gravitational or magnetic anomalies at the equator, is actually a matter of patience and dexterity. Eggs can be balanced on their ends anywhere on Earth, and the magnetic field has no measurable impact on this ability. Despite these scientific inaccuracies, the guides often present the experiments with confidence and charm, encouraging visitors to suspend disbelief and engage with the experience. Some guides acknowledge the theatrical nature of the demonstrations, admitting that the equator’s influence on these tricks is minimal or nonexistent. Others lean into the mystique, reinforcing the idea that the equator holds special powers. This inconsistency in messaging reflects the museum’s dual identity as both a cultural attraction and a pseudo-scientific playground, where entertainment sometimes takes precedence over empirical accuracy. Ultimately, the museum guides serve as storytellers who bridge folklore, science, and spectacle. While the demonstrations may not hold up to rigorous scientific scrutiny, they succeed in sparking curiosity and conversation. Visitors leave with vivid memories and questions about the nature of physical forces, geography, and belief. In this way, the guides contribute to a broader educational journey—one that invites critical thinking even as it entertains. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Equatorial line The equator is an imaginary line encircling the Earth at 0° latitude, dividing the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Its significance goes beyond geography—it has long been a focal point for scientific exploration, navigation, and cultural symbolism. Ecuador, whose name literally means "equator" in Spanish, was chosen as the site of a major 18th-century scientific expedition—the French Geodesic Mission—because of its ideal location and accessibility. Led by Charles-Marie de La Condamine, the mission aimed to measure the shape of the Earth by comparing the length of a degree of latitude at the equator with one measured in Sweden. Their work helped confirm the Earth’s oblate shape and cemented Ecuador’s identity as the “middle of the world”. The Mitad del Mundo monument, built in the 20th century near Quito, commemorates this historic mission and marks what was long believed to be the precise location of the equator. However, with the advent of GPS technology, scientists discovered that the actual equatorial line lies approximately 240 meters (about 800 feet) north of the monument. This discrepancy is not a failure of the original measurements—given the tools of the time, the French scientists came impressively close—but rather a testament to how far geolocation technology has advanced. Today, the Mitad del Mundo remains a popular tourist attraction, blending national pride with historical reverence. Just a short walk from the monument lies the Intiñan Solar Museum, which claims to sit directly on the true equator as verified by GPS. Here, visitors can stand with one foot in each hemisphere and participate in interactive demonstrations that explore the physics and folklore of the equatorial region. While some of these experiments—like water draining in different directions or egg balancing—are more theatrical than scientific, the museum offers a compelling blend of cultural storytelling and hands-on learning. The red line painted across the grounds symbolizes the equator’s path, inviting guests to reflect on the cosmic and earthly significance of this global divide. The contrast between the Mitad del Mundo monument and the Intiñan Solar Museum highlights the evolving nature of scientific understanding. What began as a bold Enlightenment-era experiment has grown into a layered narrative of tradition, precision, and playful myth. Ecuador’s role in defining the equator is not just geographical—it’s historical and symbolic, offering a unique lens through which to explore humanity’s relationship with the planet. Whether standing on the GPS-confirmed line or admiring the monument’s grandeur, visitors are reminded of the enduring fascination with the center of the Earth. Top photographs by C T Johansson, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license. Bottom photographs by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Sundials Sundials are ancient timekeeping devices that use the position of the sun to indicate the time of day. They consist of a flat surface marked with hour lines and a gnomon—a stick or triangular blade—that casts a shadow onto the dial. As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow shifts accordingly, tracing the passage of time. The accuracy of a sundial depends on its alignment with the Earth's rotational axis and its geographical location, particularly latitude. To function properly, the gnomon must be angled parallel to the Earth's axis, which means its tilt varies depending on where the sundial is placed. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, located near the equator in Ecuador, sundials take on a special significance. Because the equator lies at 0° latitude, the sun passes directly overhead at noon during equinoxes, casting minimal or even no shadow. This unique solar behavior allows for particularly striking sundial demonstrations. Equatorial sundials at the museum are designed with the dial plate aligned perpendicular to the gnomon, which points straight up. This configuration simplifies the sundial’s geometry and makes the hour lines symmetrical, offering a clear and elegant display of solar time. The equatorial location also means that the sun rises and sets almost vertically, and the length of day remains nearly constant throughout the year. This consistency enhances the reliability of sundials at the Intiñan Solar Museum, making them excellent tools for illustrating the relationship between solar motion and time. Visitors can observe how the sun’s position changes with the seasons and how this affects the angle and length of shadows. During equinoxes, the sun’s path aligns perfectly with the equator, providing a rare opportunity to witness the sun casting shadows directly beneath objects at noon. In addition to their educational value, the sundials at Intiñan serve as symbolic reminders of humanity’s long-standing connection to celestial rhythms. Their placement on the equator underscores the museum’s mission to explore the intersection of science, geography, and culture. While many of the museum’s other demonstrations may lean toward spectacle, the sundials offer a more grounded and scientifically sound experience, inviting visitors to reflect on the elegance of solar timekeeping and the precision of Earth’s cosmic dance. Top photograph by Martin Zeise, Berlin, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license. Bottom photograph by C T Johansson, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license.

Basin to demonstrate the Coriolis effect The Coriolis effect is a phenomenon caused by the Earth's rotation, influencing the trajectory of moving objects across its surface. As the planet spins, objects traveling long distances—like air currents or ocean flows—appear to curve relative to the Earth's surface. In the Northern Hemisphere, this deflection is to the right; in the Southern Hemisphere, it's to the left. The effect is most pronounced in large-scale systems, such as hurricanes or trade winds, and plays a crucial role in meteorology and oceanography. It’s not a force in itself, but rather a result of observing motion from a rotating frame of reference. At the Intiñan Solar Museum, the Coriolis effect is famously demonstrated using a simple basin of water. Guides perform a theatrical experiment: they place the basin on one side of the painted equator line and pull the plug, showing the water swirling in one direction. Then, they move the basin to the opposite side and repeat the process, claiming the water now swirls the other way. Finally, they place the basin directly on the equator, where the water supposedly drains straight down without spinning. This demonstration is captivating and often leaves visitors marveling at the power of Earth's rotation. However, from a scientific standpoint, the basin experiment is more illusion than proof. The Coriolis effect is real, but it’s extremely subtle at small scales—far too weak to influence the direction of water draining in a sink or basin. What visitors see is more likely the result of how the water was poured, residual motion in the basin, or slight asymmetries in the setup. In fact, to observe the Coriolis effect in water, one would need a perfectly symmetrical container, a very still environment, and a long settling time—conditions not met in a quick museum demonstration. Despite its theatrical nature, the basin experiment at Intiñan Solar Museum serves a valuable purpose: it sparks curiosity and invites people to engage with scientific ideas in a tangible way. While the demonstration may not be rigorous, it opens the door to deeper conversations about Earth's rotation, hemispheric differences, and the nature of observational science. In that sense, it’s less about proving the Coriolis effect and more about inspiring wonder—a goal the museum achieves with flair. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Acceleration of Coriolis poster «"ACCELERATION OF CORIOLIS" The maximum force of deviation towards the poles is called Acceleration of Coriolis. This forced formed by the earth's rotation is at zero in the Latitude. 00º 00' 00" (Ecuador). On the equator this trajectory is in a straight line and perpendicular according to the laws of momentum. In which any object in movement in straight line continues in that direction, while no other force another direction affects it. Movements are produced by distinct forces in another: thermal, atmospheric, gravitational, magnetic, radiations, of pressure and by clashing of molecules.» Photograph by Murray Foubister, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Woman in traditional attire spinning At the Intiñan Solar Museum, visitors are treated not only to scientific curiosities but also to vibrant displays of local culture. Among these are traditional music and dance performances that showcase the rich heritage of Ecuador’s Indigenous communities. Women participating in these dances often wear traditional attire that reflects the Andean highland identity—brightly colored skirts called polleras, embroidered blouses, and shawls known as rebozos. Their outfits are adorned with intricate patterns and vivid hues, symbolizing both regional pride and ancestral craftsmanship. The spinning dance, often performed in circular motions, is a joyful and rhythmic expression of community and celebration. As the women twirl, their layered skirts flare outward, creating a mesmerizing visual effect that highlights the artistry of their garments. Jewelry, such as beaded necklaces and gold-colored adornments, adds to the elegance and ceremonial feel of the performance. These dances are not just entertainment—they’re a living expression of Indigenous traditions passed down through generations. While the museum’s main draw is its equatorial experiments and physics demonstrations, the inclusion of cultural performances adds depth to the experience. It reminds visitors that the equator is not just a scientific concept but also a place where people live, celebrate, and preserve their heritage. The juxtaposition of modern science with ancient customs creates a unique atmosphere where the past and present converge. In this setting, the traditional attire worn by spinning dancers becomes more than costume—it’s a symbol of identity, resilience, and pride. It invites guests to appreciate Ecuador not only as the center of the Earth but also as a center of cultural richness. Whether watching the swirling skirts or walking the equatorial line, visitors leave with a deeper sense of connection to both the land and its people. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Craftsman weaving on a traditional loom In the area surrounding the Intiñan Solar Museum, artisans continue the ancient tradition of weaving on hand-operated looms, preserving techniques that date back centuries. These weavers, often Indigenous women from nearby Andean communities, use wooden looms to create intricate textiles from natural fibers such as alpaca and sheep wool. The process is slow and deliberate, requiring skill, rhythm, and deep knowledge of patterns passed down through generations. Each piece tells a story—of family, landscape, and cosmology—woven into the fabric through symbolic motifs and vibrant colors. Visitors to the museum can observe these artisans at work, often in open-air workshops or cultural exhibits that complement the museum’s scientific focus. The rhythmic clack of the loom and the careful interlacing of threads offer a meditative contrast to the dynamic equatorial experiments nearby. Artisans may explain their techniques to guests, demonstrating how dyes are made from local plants and minerals, and how specific patterns represent elements of Andean mythology, such as the sun, mountains, or the chakana (Andean cross). The textiles produced in this region are more than decorative—they serve practical and ceremonial purposes. Ponchos, belts, shawls, and wall hangings are commonly woven, each with distinct regional styles and symbolic meanings. These items are often sold at the museum or nearby markets, allowing visitors to take home a piece of Ecuadorian heritage. Supporting these artisans helps sustain traditional livelihoods and keeps Indigenous knowledge alive in a rapidly modernizing world. By showcasing traditional weaving alongside scientific exhibits, the Intiñan Solar Museum creates a holistic experience that honors both ancestral wisdom and contemporary curiosity. The artisans and their looms remind visitors that the equator is not only a geographic marvel but also a cultural crossroads, where threads of history, identity, and creativity are continually woven into the present. Photograph by David Berkowitz, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

See Also

• Casa del Alabado
• Middle of the World
• The Chapel of Man

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Source

• Ciudad Mitad del Mundo: Intiñan Solar Museum - Wikipedia

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Location