Cotopaxi National Park, Ecuador

Cotopaxi National Park (Parque Nacional Cotopaxi) is one of Ecuador’s most iconic natural treasures, located about 50 kilometers south of Quito in the heart of the Andes Mountains.

Spanning over 333.9 square kilometers, the park is home to the majestic Cotopaxi volcano, which rises to 5,897 meters (19,347 feet), making it one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. The volcano’s nearly symmetrical cone shape and snow-capped peak create a dramatic and photogenic landscape that draws visitors from around the globe.

The park is not just about Cotopaxi itself—it also includes two other volcanoes: the dormant Rumiñawi and the historical Sincholagua, which last erupted in 1877. These geological giants form part of the Pacific Ring of Fire and contribute to the park’s rugged terrain and breathtaking scenery. Cotopaxi’s crater, which is 800 by 550 meters wide and 250 meters deep, adds to its allure. Despite its active status, the volcano’s last eruption ended in January 2016, and it remains a popular destination for hikers and climbers.

Visitors to Cotopaxi National Park can enjoy a variety of outdoor activities. One of the most popular hikes is to the José Rivas Refuge, located at 4,864 meters above sea level. This trek offers stunning views and a chance to experience the high-altitude páramo ecosystem. For those seeking a more intense adventure, the ascent to Cotopaxi’s summit is a challenging but rewarding climb, typically starting around midnight to reach the top by sunrise. The park also features trails, campsites, and lodges, making it accessible for both day trips and extended stays.

Beyond its geological wonders, Cotopaxi National Park is a haven for biodiversity. The high-altitude grasslands and forests support a range of wildlife, including wild horses, deer, and Andean condors. The park’s unique blend of natural beauty, ecological significance, and cultural history—Cotopaxi means “neck of the moon” in Quechua—makes it a must-visit destination for nature lovers and adventure seekers alike.

Entrance to the natural park

Photograph by Bernard Gagnon, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license.

Options to visit sign
Visiting Cotopaxi National Park offers a rich and varied experience, with multiple entry points and trails that cater to different interests and fitness levels.

Most visitors enter through the El Caspi entrance, also known as Caspi Control, which is the main gateway to the park. Just a few kilometers beyond this entrance lies the Cotopaxi Visitors Center, a welcoming stop featuring exhibits on the park’s geology, flora, fauna, and volcanic history. It also includes a small craft shop, café, and restrooms, making it a great place to orient yourself before heading deeper into the park.
From the Visitor Center, you can embark on the El Páramo Trail, a short and easy hike (about 800 meters one way) that introduces you to the high-altitude grasslands and offers beautiful views of the Cotopaxi volcano. Another popular trail is the Laguna Limpiopungo trail, which circles a shallow lake at 3,800 meters elevation. This scenic walk is ideal for birdwatching and photography, especially when the volcano is reflected in the lake’s surface. Both trails are accessible and provide a gentle immersion into the park’s unique ecosystem.
For those seeking more adventure, the José Rivas Refuge is a must-visit. Located at 4,864 meters, it serves as a base for climbers aiming to summit Cotopaxi. Even if you're not climbing, the hike to the refuge is rewarding, offering panoramic views and a taste of the high-altitude environment. Near the refuge, there are designated camping areas for overnight stays, allowing visitors to experience the park’s tranquility under the stars.
After exploring the park, many visitors exit through El Pedregal, a secondary route that leads to nearby haciendas and lodges. This exit provides a quieter departure and connects you to local communities and accommodations that offer horseback riding, traditional meals, and cultural experiences. Whether you're in for a day hike or a multi-day adventure, Cotopaxi National Park’s network of trails, facilities, and natural wonders ensures a memorable journey.
Photograph by Bbb-Commons, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license.

Hills south of the visitor center

Photographs by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Puya hamata south of the visitor center
Puya hamata is a striking bromeliad native to the high-altitude páramo ecosystems of the Andes, particularly in Ecuador.

This plant is known for its dramatic rosette of spiny leaves and tall flowering stalks that can reach several meters in height. The flowers, typically bluish or purplish, attract a variety of pollinators, including hummingbirds and insects adapted to the cold, windy conditions of the páramo. Like other Puya species, Puya hamata is well adapted to the harsh environment, with tough leaves and a deep root system that helps it survive in nutrient-poor soils.
In Cotopaxi National Park, Puya hamata is a notable component of the native flora, thriving in the open grasslands and volcanic slopes that define the park’s landscape. It can often be seen along trails such as the Laguna Limpiopungo and El Páramo trails, where it stands out among the lower vegetation. The plant’s architectural form and vibrant flowers add visual interest to the otherwise muted tones of the high-altitude terrain. Its presence also contributes to the park’s ecological diversity, offering food and shelter to various species.
The resilience of Puya hamata makes it an important species for soil stabilization and water retention in the páramo. Its ability to endure extreme conditions—intense sunlight, cold temperatures, and strong winds—illustrates the adaptability of Andean flora. Moreover, its flowering cycle, which can take several years, reflects the slow-paced life of plants in high-altitude ecosystems, where growth is often dictated by the rhythm of the seasons and the availability of resources.
Visitors to Cotopaxi National Park who take the time to observe the native plants will find Puya hamata to be a fascinating example of nature’s ingenuity. Whether encountered on a hike or studied at the Visitor Center’s botanical garden, this plant offers insight into the unique challenges and beauty of life in the Andes. Its spiny silhouette and towering blooms are a testament to the rugged elegance of Ecuador’s mountain landscapes.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Los Illinizas seen from the park entrance
Los Illinizas, a pair of majestic volcanic peaks, offer a stunning visual welcome when viewed from the entrance to Cotopaxi National Park.

Rising dramatically from the Andean highlands, Illiniza Norte and Illiniza Sur form a twin-volcano silhouette that dominates the western horizon. Their rugged profiles, often shrouded in mist or capped with snow, contrast beautifully with the rolling páramo grasslands and the symmetrical cone of Cotopaxi itself. On clear mornings, the view from the park’s entrance is nothing short of breathtaking, with the Illinizas appearing as sentinels guarding the highlands.
These peaks are part of the Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas, a protected area that spans diverse ecosystems, from humid cloud forests to dry inter-Andean valleys. The reserve is known for its rich biodiversity and dramatic landscapes, including glacial lagoons, steep ridges, and high-altitude trails. From Cotopaxi’s entrance, the Illinizas are not just a scenic backdrop—they’re a gateway to another world of ecological and geological wonder. Their presence adds depth to the experience of visiting Cotopaxi, reminding travelers of the vastness and complexity of Ecuador’s volcanic terrain.
The visual impact of the Illinizas is especially powerful at sunrise or sunset, when the light casts golden hues across their slopes and highlights the textures of the surrounding terrain. Photographers and nature lovers often pause at the entrance to capture this moment, as the interplay of light, shadow, and altitude creates a scene that feels almost otherworldly. The peaks also serve as a reference point for orientation and navigation, helping visitors understand the broader geography of the region.
For those inspired by the view, the Illinizas themselves are accessible via trails from nearby towns like El Chaupi. Illiniza Norte is considered the easier of the two to climb, while Illiniza Sur requires technical mountaineering skills. Whether admired from afar or explored up close, Los Illinizas enrich the Cotopaxi experience with their grandeur, ecological significance, and cultural resonance.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Hypericum laricifolium south of the visitor center
Hypericum laricifolium is a striking shrub belonging to the Hypericaceae family, native to high-altitude regions of South America, particularly in Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

It thrives in the Andean páramo ecosystem, a unique high-altitude grassland characterized by cool temperatures, intense sunlight, and frequent mist. The plant is known for its bright yellow flowers and needle-like leaves, which resemble those of a larch tree—hence the species name "laricifolium." It typically grows in open, sunny areas and contributes to the vibrant tapestry of flora found in these mountainous zones.
In Cotopaxi National Park, Hypericum laricifolium is one of the many conspicuous plants that add color and texture to the landscape. It can be spotted along popular trails such as the Laguna Limpiopungo and El Páramo trails, where it grows among other native species like Chuquiraga jussieui and Puya hamata. The park’s elevation and climate provide ideal conditions for this shrub, allowing it to flourish and play a role in the local ecosystem by supporting pollinators and stabilizing soil.
Visitors interested in botany or simply enjoying the natural beauty of Cotopaxi will find Hypericum laricifolium to be a delightful sight. Its vivid blooms stand out against the often misty backdrop of the park, making it a favorite among photographers and nature enthusiasts. The Cotopaxi Visitor Center and its botanical garden offer additional opportunities to learn about this species and its ecological significance, providing context for its role in the park’s biodiversity.
Overall, Hypericum laricifolium exemplifies the resilience and beauty of high-altitude flora. Its presence in Cotopaxi National Park not only enhances the visual appeal of the landscape but also underscores the importance of preserving these delicate ecosystems. Whether encountered on a trail or studied in the visitor center, this plant offers a glimpse into the rich botanical heritage of the Andes.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Limpiopungo Lagoon Nature Trail
The Limpiopungo Lagoon Nature Trail in Cotopaxi National Park is a serene and accessible hike that loops around the scenic Limpiopungo Lagoon, offering breathtaking views of the surrounding Andean landscape.

Located just a short drive from the park’s south entrance, the trail is well-maintained and mostly flat, making it ideal for visitors of all ages and fitness levels—even those adjusting to the high altitude. The loop is approximately 2.2 miles (3.5 km) long and takes about 1 to 1.5 hours to complete, depending on pace and stops for wildlife viewing or photography.
This trail is a haven for birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts. The wetlands and marshy areas around the lagoon attract a variety of bird species, including Andean teal, Andean lapwing, Plumbeous Sierra Finch, and even hummingbirds flitting among the flowering bushes. Wild horses and rabbits are also commonly seen along the path, adding to the trail’s charm. Gazebos placed along the route provide shaded spots to rest and enjoy panoramic views of the Cotopaxi Volcano, especially on clear days when its snow-capped peak reflects in the lagoon’s still waters.
The trail’s accessibility and rich biodiversity make it one of the most popular hikes in Cotopaxi National Park. Visitors are advised to dress in layers due to rapidly changing weather and to bring binoculars for better wildlife observation. While the trail is generally quiet on weekdays, weekends and holidays can be crowded, which may reduce chances of spotting more elusive animals. There are no restrooms near the lagoon, so planning ahead is essential for comfort during the hike.
Overall, the Limpiopungo Lagoon Nature Trail offers a peaceful and immersive experience in Ecuador’s high-altitude wilderness. Whether you're seeking a gentle walk, a birding adventure, or simply a moment of reflection amid dramatic volcanic scenery, this trail delivers a memorable encounter with the natural beauty of the Andes.
Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Chuquiraga Jussieui at the trail around Limpiopungo Lagoon
Chuquiraga jussieui, often referred to as the “flower of the Andes” or the “national flower of Andean mountain climbers,” is a hardy shrub native to the high-altitude regions of Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru.

It belongs to the Asteraceae family and typically grows at elevations between 3,000 and 5,000 meters. The plant is easily recognized by its flame-shaped orange flowers and thorn-covered leaves, which serve as a natural defense against herbivores. Despite its rugged appearance, it holds cultural significance and is admired for its resilience and beauty in harsh alpine environments.
In Cotopaxi National Park, Chuquiraga jussieui thrives in the páramo ecosystem, particularly on the northwest face of the Cotopaxi Volcano at altitudes around 4,400 meters. Some specimens in the park have been observed reaching up to 3 meters in height, towering above the typical size of 1.5 meters. The plant plays an important ecological role, especially as a food source for the Ecuadorian Hillstar hummingbird (Oreotrochilus chimborazo), which has uniquely adapted to feed on its nectar. This mutualistic relationship highlights the intricate balance of life in the high Andes.
The shrub’s rugged bark and sharp leaves make it difficult to handle, and locals advise using tools if one wishes to collect a sample—though this is discouraged due to its endangered status. Beyond its ecological value, Chuquiraga jussieui is also known for its medicinal properties. Highland communities use its roots, leaves, and flowers to prepare teas believed to aid kidney and liver function, reduce inflammation, and stimulate the immune system.
Visitors to Cotopaxi National Park often encounter Chuquiraga jussieui along hiking trails and volcanic slopes, where its fiery blossoms contrast beautifully with the stark, windswept terrain. Its presence adds a splash of color to the otherwise muted palette of the páramo, offering a vivid reminder of nature’s ability to flourish in even the most inhospitable conditions. For botanists and nature lovers alike, this plant embodies the spirit of the Andes—resilient, striking, and deeply intertwined with its environment.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Pentacalia peruviana at the trail around Limpiopungo Lagoon
Pentacalia peruviana is a flowering plant species in the Asteraceae family, native to the Andean regions of South America.

It typically grows in high-altitude ecosystems such as cloud forests and páramos, where it contributes to the rich biodiversity of these fragile environments. The plant is known for its daisy-like yellow flowers and shrubby growth habit, often found interspersed among grasses and other native flora. Like many members of the Pentacalia genus, it plays a role in supporting pollinators and maintaining ecological balance in mountainous habitats.
Although specific documentation of Pentacalia peruviana in Cotopaxi National Park is limited, the park’s diverse páramo ecosystem provides suitable conditions for this species. Cotopaxi’s elevation ranges from 3,400 to over 5,800 meters, encompassing a variety of microclimates and vegetation zones. The park is home to numerous endemic and high-altitude plants, and Pentacalia peruviana likely contributes to the floral diversity found along trails and volcanic slopes, particularly in areas near Laguna Limpiopungo and the base of the Cotopaxi Volcano.
The presence of such species in Cotopaxi National Park underscores the importance of conservation efforts in the region. The páramo is a delicate ecosystem, sensitive to climate change and human activity, and plants like Pentacalia peruviana help stabilize soils, retain moisture, and support insect populations. Their survival is closely tied to the health of the broader environment, making them indicators of ecological integrity.
For visitors and researchers alike, encountering Pentacalia peruviana in Cotopaxi offers a glimpse into the resilience of Andean flora. While it may not be as visually dominant as some of the park’s more iconic plants, its role in the ecosystem is no less vital. Observing such species enriches the experience of exploring Cotopaxi, revealing the intricate web of life that thrives in Ecuador’s highlands.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Limpiopungo Lagoon seen from the trail

Photographs by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Limpiopungo Lagoon
Limpiopungo Lagoon, nestled within Cotopaxi National Park, is a serene high-altitude wetland surrounded by sweeping plains and dramatic volcanic scenery.

Located at approximately 3,800 meters above sea level, the lagoon sits at the base of the Cotopaxi Volcano and offers one of the most accessible and picturesque spots in the park. Its calm waters reflect the snow-capped peak on clear days, creating a breathtaking panorama that draws photographers, hikers, and nature lovers alike.
The lagoon is encircled by the Limpiopungo Nature Trail, a well-maintained loop that takes about 1 to 1.5 hours to complete. This trail is mostly flat and ideal for visitors acclimating to the altitude. Along the way, hikers can observe a variety of wildlife, including wild horses, rabbits, and numerous bird species such as the Andean lapwing, Andean teal, and Plumbeous Sierra Finch. Gazebos placed along the trail offer shaded resting spots and stunning views of the volcano and surrounding páramo.
Limpiopungo Lagoon is also a hotspot for birdwatching, thanks to its marshy edges and open terrain. Larger waterfowl and shorebirds congregate in the wetland areas, while hummingbirds and finches flit among the flowering bushes. The area’s biodiversity makes it a valuable ecological zone within the park, supporting both resident and migratory species. Visitors are encouraged to bring binoculars and dress in layers, as the weather can change rapidly at this elevation.
Whether you're seeking a peaceful walk, a wildlife encounter, or a dramatic view of Cotopaxi, Limpiopungo Lagoon delivers a memorable experience. Its accessibility and natural beauty make it one of the most popular destinations in Cotopaxi National Park, offering a gentle yet immersive introduction to the wonders of Ecuador’s high-altitude ecosystems.
Photographs by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Zone of pyroclastic flows sign
Cotopaxi National Park is home to one of the most active and iconic volcanoes in the Andes—Cotopaxi itself.

This stratovolcano has a long history of explosive eruptions, many of which have involved significant pyroclastic activity. Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving currents of hot gas, ash, and volcanic rock that surge down the slopes during eruptions, often devastating everything in their path. Cotopaxi’s steep cone and high elevation make it particularly prone to generating these dangerous flows, especially during major eruptive events.
Historically, Cotopaxi has erupted over 80 times, with many eruptions producing pyroclastic material that reshaped the surrounding valleys and impacted nearby communities. The crater, measuring about 800 by 550 meters and 250 meters deep, has released ash plumes, pyroclastic surges, and lahars—volcanic mudflows that often follow pyroclastic events. During the eruption that began in October 2022, the volcano emitted ash plumes and experienced seismic activity consistent with pyroclastic emissions. Reports from early 2023 noted ashfall in areas north of the park, including Quito and surrounding towns.
Within Cotopaxi National Park, pyroclastic deposits are visible in the form of layered ash and rock along trails and slopes, particularly near the José Rivas Refuge and the northern flanks of the volcano. These deposits serve as a stark reminder of the volcano’s power and the dynamic nature of the landscape. The park’s geology is shaped by centuries of eruptions, with pyroclastic flows contributing to the formation of ridges, valleys, and fertile soils that now support diverse flora and fauna.
Visitors to the park are advised to stay informed about volcanic activity, as pyroclastic events can occur with little warning. Monitoring stations operated by Ecuador’s Instituto Geofísico provide real-time data, and alerts are issued when seismic signals indicate potential eruptions or lahars. Despite the risks, Cotopaxi’s pyroclastic legacy adds to its mystique, offering a dramatic backdrop for exploration and a living laboratory for understanding volcanic processes.
Photograph by DLR, distributed under a CC-BY 3.0 license.

Stout-billed Cinclodes
The Stout-billed Cinclodes (Cinclodes excelsior) is a bold, terrestrial bird native to the high-altitude grasslands and pastures of the Andes.

It is easily recognized by its stout, curved bill, which it uses to forage for insects and small invertebrates in the sparse, rocky terrain. The bird’s plumage is mostly brown, with a white throat, prominent white eyebrows, and chestnut patches on its wings. Its behavior is equally distinctive—it darts across the ground in search of prey and often perches on rocks, posts, or tussocks to rest or survey its surroundings.
In Cotopaxi National Park, the Stout-billed Cinclodes is a common sight, particularly in the páramo ecosystem that dominates the park’s high elevations. The open, windswept landscapes around trails like Laguna Limpiopungo and El Páramo provide ideal foraging grounds for this species. Its presence is a testament to the park’s rich avian diversity, which includes over 400 recorded bird species. The Cinclodes’ ability to thrive in such harsh conditions highlights its remarkable adaptability and ecological importance.
Birdwatchers visiting Cotopaxi often seek out the Stout-billed Cinclodes for its unique appearance and behavior. Its quick, rising trill adds a musical element to the otherwise quiet páramo, and its habit of resting on exposed perches makes it relatively easy to spot. Observing this bird offers insight into the survival strategies of high-altitude wildlife and enriches the experience of exploring Cotopaxi’s natural wonders.
Overall, the Stout-billed Cinclodes is more than just a hardy mountain bird—it’s a symbol of life’s persistence in extreme environments. Its role in the ecosystem, from insect control to serving as prey for larger animals, makes it a vital part of the park’s biodiversity. For those trekking through Cotopaxi National Park, encountering this bird is a reminder of the intricate web of life that flourishes even in the most rugged corners of the Andes.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Andean Lapwing
The Andean Lapwing (Vanellus resplendens) is a medium-sized wader that thrives in the high-altitude wetlands and grasslands of the Andes.

It is easily identified by its long legs, white underside, greyish-brown upperparts, and a vivid red eye-ring that gives it a striking appearance. Adapted to life above 3,000 meters, this bird is well-suited to the cold, open landscapes of the páramo, where it forages for insects and other small invertebrates. Its behavior is often bold and territorial, especially during the breeding season when pairs defend nesting sites on the ground.
In Cotopaxi National Park, the Andean Lapwing is a familiar sight around wetland areas such as Laguna Limpiopungo. This shallow lake, located at about 3,800 meters elevation, provides an ideal habitat for the species, offering both feeding grounds and nesting sites. Visitors walking the Limpiopungo trail often spot these birds wading through the water or striding across the grassy banks, their sharp calls echoing across the open terrain. The park’s relatively undisturbed environment makes it a safe haven for the lapwing and other highland bird species.
The presence of the Andean Lapwing in Cotopaxi is a testament to the park’s ecological richness. As a ground-nesting bird, it is sensitive to habitat disturbance, so its continued abundance reflects successful conservation efforts. The lapwing also plays a role in the ecosystem by controlling insect populations and serving as prey for larger birds of prey like the carunculated caracara and Andean foxes that roam the park.
For birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts, encountering the Andean Lapwing in Cotopaxi National Park adds a layer of excitement to the experience. Its elegant movements and vivid features stand out against the stark beauty of the páramo, offering a glimpse into the life of a species perfectly adapted to one of the world’s most challenging environments.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Streak-throated Canastero
The Streak-throated Canastero (Asthenes humilis), particularly the subspecies A. h. robusta, is a small passerine bird belonging to the ovenbird family Furnariidae.

It is distinguished by its earthy brown plumage, long tail, pointed bill, and the fine blackish streaks that adorn its throat and belly. This bird is well adapted to the high-altitude puna grasslands of the Andes, where it blends seamlessly into the rocky and shrubby terrain. Its cryptic coloration and ground-foraging behavior make it a subtle but fascinating presence in these ecosystems.
In Cotopaxi National Park, located in Ecuador’s central highlands, the Streak-throated Canastero is part of a diverse avian community that thrives in the páramo and montane grasslands. While the species is more commonly documented in Peru and Bolivia, Cotopaxi’s elevation and habitat structure—especially around areas like Lake Limpiopungo—offer suitable conditions for similar highland birds, including close relatives like the Paramo Ground Tyrant (Muscisaxicola alpinus). The park’s mix of marshy zones, rocky outcrops, and tussock grasses provides ideal foraging and nesting grounds for canasteros and other insectivorous birds.
These birds are typically solitary or found in pairs, moving low through vegetation as they search for insects and other small prey. Their vocalizations are subtle but can be heard during the breeding season, when males sing to establish territory. The Streak-throated Canastero’s nest is often a ball of grass hidden in dense cover, reflecting its secretive nature and vulnerability to habitat disturbance. Conservation of high-altitude grasslands is crucial for maintaining populations of this and other specialized species.
For birdwatchers visiting Cotopaxi, spotting a Streak-throated Canastero—or even a similar-looking highland furnariid—requires patience and a keen eye. These birds may not be as conspicuous as raptors or waterfowl, but their presence adds depth to the park’s ornithological richness. Observing their behavior offers insight into the adaptations required for survival in one of the most challenging environments in South America.
Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Gentianella cerastioides
Gentianella cerastioides is a delicate flowering plant native to the high-altitude regions of the Andes, particularly in Ecuador.

Belonging to the Gentianaceae family, it is known for its small, star-shaped flowers that range in color from pale violet to deep blue. The plant typically grows in the páramo ecosystem, where it thrives in cold, moist conditions and nutrient-poor soils. Its low-growing habit and compact form help it withstand the harsh winds and temperature fluctuations common at elevations above 3,000 meters.
In Cotopaxi National Park, Gentianella cerastioides is part of the rich botanical tapestry that defines the páramo landscape. Observations recorded in the park confirm its presence in areas like the Limpiopungo wetlands and along the El Páramo trail, where it grows among grasses, mosses, and other alpine flora. The plant’s subtle beauty often goes unnoticed by casual hikers, but for botanists and nature enthusiasts, it represents the resilience and diversity of high-altitude ecosystems. Its flowers bloom close to the ground, often nestled among tufts of grass or rocky outcrops.
Gentianella cerastioides plays an important ecological role in Cotopaxi’s environment. It contributes to soil stabilization and moisture retention, and its flowers attract small pollinators adapted to the cold climate. The presence of such species is a sign of a healthy páramo, and their survival is closely tied to the preservation of this fragile habitat. As climate change and human activity threaten highland ecosystems, plants like Gentianella cerastioides serve as indicators of environmental change.
For visitors to Cotopaxi National Park, spotting Gentianella cerastioides offers a quiet moment of connection with the subtler aspects of Andean biodiversity. While the towering Cotopaxi volcano and sweeping landscapes may steal the spotlight, the park’s true richness lies in the intricate web of life that includes these modest yet vital plants. Their presence underscores the importance of conservation and the need to protect even the smallest inhabitants of this remarkable ecosystem.
Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Bidens andicola
Bidens sp., particularly Bidens andicola, is a flowering plant native to the Andean highlands and commonly found in Ecuador’s páramo ecosystems.

This genus belongs to the Asteraceae family and is characterized by its daisy-like yellow flowers and serrated leaves. These plants are typically herbaceous and can grow in disturbed soils, making them resilient colonizers in high-altitude environments. Their ability to thrive in nutrient-poor, volcanic soils makes them a common sight in regions like Cotopaxi National Park.
In Cotopaxi National Park, Bidens andicola has been observed in several locations, including the entrance area and near Limpiopungo Lake. These plants often grow in clear-cut meadows and along trails, where they benefit from open sunlight and minimal competition. Their bright yellow blooms stand out against the muted tones of the páramo, adding a splash of color to the rugged landscape. The species is locally known as "yuyo" and is part of the native flora that contributes to the park’s ecological diversity.
Ecologically, Bidens andicola plays a role in stabilizing soils and supporting pollinators such as bees and flies, which are adapted to the high-altitude conditions. Its presence in disturbed areas also suggests its importance in ecological succession, helping to reestablish vegetation cover after natural or human disturbances. The plant’s adaptability and resilience make it a valuable component of the páramo ecosystem, especially in areas affected by climate change or land use shifts.
For visitors and botanists exploring Cotopaxi National Park, spotting Bidens andicola offers insight into the park’s dynamic plant life. While the towering volcano and sweeping vistas may dominate the experience, the presence of these modest yet vibrant plants highlights the intricate balance of life in the high Andes. Their role in ecosystem recovery and pollinator support underscores the importance of preserving even the most unassuming species in this unique environment.
Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Gunther's Whorltail Iguana
Gunther's Whorltail Iguana (Stenocercus guentheri), also known as the Quito Whorltail-Iguana, is a small terrestrial lizard native to the highlands of Ecuador and Colombia.

It belongs to the Tropiduridae family and is distinguished by its keeled dorsal scales, pointed tail whorls, and a robust body. Males are typically larger and more vividly colored than females, often displaying a distinctive black throat patch. This species is diurnal and prefers basking on rocks, stone walls, and low vegetation, making it a common sight in open, sunlit areas during the day.
In Cotopaxi National Park, Stenocercus guentheri inhabits a range of ecosystems, including evergreen montane forests, highland shrublands, and páramo grasslands. It is particularly active between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm, foraging on exposed soil and leaf litter for arthropods such as ants and beetles. The lizard is also known to use Agave plants and shrubs for basking and shelter, and at night it retreats into crevices, under rocks, or low vegetation. Its adaptability allows it to thrive not only in natural habitats but also in human-modified environments like rural gardens and pastures.
The species plays an important ecological role in Cotopaxi’s food web. It serves as prey for snakes like Erythrolamprus albiventris, the Andean fox, and raptors such as the Carunculated Caracara and hawks of the genus Parabuteo. When threatened, the iguana may shed its tail—a defense mechanism that distracts predators while the lizard escapes. This behavior, along with its cryptic coloration and agility, helps it survive in the rugged high-altitude terrain of the park.
For visitors to Cotopaxi National Park, spotting Gunther’s Whorltail Iguana offers a glimpse into the resilience and diversity of Andean reptiles. Its presence in both pristine and disturbed habitats reflects the adaptability of native species to changing environments. Observing this lizard in its natural setting not only enriches the wildlife experience but also underscores the importance of conserving Ecuador’s unique highland ecosystems.
Photograph by Arabsalam, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Chuquiraga Jussieui
Chuquiraga jussieui, often called the “flower of the Andes,” is a resilient shrub native to the high-altitude regions of Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru.

It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is known for its flame-shaped orange flowers and thorn-covered leaves. Growing at elevations above 3,000 meters, it thrives in harsh environments where few other plants can survive. Its rugged bark and spiny foliage serve as natural defenses against herbivores, making it a symbol of endurance and strength in the Andean landscape.
In Cotopaxi National Park, Chuquiraga jussieui is particularly prominent on the northwest face of the Cotopaxi Volcano, around 4,400 meters elevation. Some specimens in the park have been observed reaching up to 3 meters tall—double the typical height of 1.5 meters. The plant plays a vital ecological role, especially as a food source for the Ecuadorian Hillstar hummingbird (Oreotrochilus chimborazo), which has uniquely adapted to feed on its nectar. This mutualistic relationship highlights the intricate balance of life in the páramo ecosystem.
Beyond its ecological importance, Chuquiraga jussieui is valued by highland communities for its medicinal properties. Its roots, leaves, and flowers are used to prepare teas believed to aid kidney and liver function, reduce inflammation, and stimulate the immune system. Despite its usefulness, the plant is considered endangered, and locals are advised not to harvest it without care. Its thorny structure makes it difficult to handle, often requiring tools to avoid injury.
Visitors to Cotopaxi National Park can encounter Chuquiraga jussieui along hiking trails and volcanic slopes, where its vivid blossoms contrast beautifully with the stark, windswept terrain. Its presence adds a splash of color and a touch of wild elegance to the landscape, offering a glimpse into the resilience of Andean flora. For botanists and nature lovers alike, this plant is a living emblem of the rugged beauty and ecological richness of Ecuador’s highlands.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Diplostephium lavandulaefolium
Diplostephium lavandulaefolium is a flowering shrub belonging to the Asteraceae family, native to the high-altitude ecosystems of the Andes.

It thrives in páramo environments, which are cold, humid grasslands found above the tree line and below the snow line. This species is part of the genus Diplostephium, which includes numerous shrubs and small trees adapted to the harsh conditions of the Andean highlands. The genus is notable for its ecological diversity and its role in stabilizing soils and supporting native pollinators.
In Cotopaxi National Park, Diplostephium lavandulaefolium is one of the conspicuous plants that contribute to the park’s unique botanical landscape. Found at elevations where few other species can survive, it adds texture and color to the windswept slopes of the Cotopaxi Volcano. Its lavender-like foliage and small, daisy-like flowers make it visually striking against the backdrop of volcanic rock and sparse vegetation. These plants are well adapted to the intense UV radiation and fluctuating temperatures typical of the páramo.
Ecologically, Diplostephium lavandulaefolium plays a crucial role in supporting biodiversity. It provides shelter and nectar for insects and birds, including species that are endemic to the region. Its presence helps maintain the integrity of the páramo ecosystem, which is vital for water regulation and carbon storage. Because of its resilience and ecological importance, it is often studied by botanists and conservationists interested in high-altitude flora.
Visitors to Cotopaxi National Park may encounter Diplostephium lavandulaefolium along hiking trails and open fields, especially in areas with rocky or well-drained soils. Its understated beauty and ecological significance make it a quiet yet essential part of the park’s natural heritage. For those interested in botany or conservation, spotting this plant offers a deeper appreciation of the delicate balance that sustains life in one of Ecuador’s most iconic landscapes.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Gazebo on the east shore of the lake
On the eastern edge of Limpiopungo Lagoon in Cotopaxi National Park, there is a small wooden gazebo that offers one of the most tranquil and scenic resting spots along the nature trail.

Positioned to face the lagoon and the towering Cotopaxi Volcano, this shaded structure provides shelter from the intense high-altitude sun and wind, making it a favorite stop for hikers and birdwatchers. From this vantage point, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the water, the surrounding páramo grasslands, and—on clear days—the snow-capped summit of Cotopaxi reflected in the lagoon’s surface.
The gazebo is about one-third of the way into the Limpiopungo trail loop, making it a natural place to pause and take in the landscape. It’s especially popular with those carrying lunch or snacks, as it offers a peaceful setting for a picnic amid the wild beauty of the park. The area around the gazebo is frequented by wildlife, including rabbits, wild horses, and a variety of birds such as the Andean Lapwing and Plumbeous Sierra Finch. Hummingbirds are also known to visit the flowering bushes nearby, adding a touch of motion and color to the quiet scene.
Because the trail is relatively flat and well-maintained, the gazebo is accessible to most visitors, including those who may be adjusting to the altitude. It’s also a great turnaround point for those who prefer a shorter walk, allowing them to enjoy the best views without completing the full loop. The further you walk from the parking lot toward the eastern edge, the more likely you are to encounter wildlife and fewer crowds, making the gazebo a peaceful retreat even on busy days.
Overall, the eastern gazebo at Limpiopungo Lagoon is more than just a shelter—it’s a place to connect with the landscape, observe the rhythms of nature, and reflect on the grandeur of Cotopaxi. Whether you're resting, birdwatching, or simply soaking in the silence, this modest structure enhances the experience of one of Ecuador’s most iconic natural settings.
Photograph by Ymblanter, distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.