Virupaksha Temple, Hampi, Krishnapura, Karnataka, India

The Virupaksha temple is the oldest shrine, the principal destination for pilgrims and tourists, and remains a Hindu worship site in Hampi, India.

Parts of the Shiva, Pampa and Durga temples existed in the 11th-century; it was extended during the Vijayanagara era.

The temple is a collection of smaller temples, a regularly repainted, 50 m (160 ft) high gopuram, a Hindu monastery dedicated to Vidyaranya of Advaita Vedanta tradition, a water tank (Manmatha), a community kitchen, other monuments and a 750 m (2.460 ft) long ruined stone market with a monolithic Nandi shrine on the east end.

Panorama of Virupaksha temple seen from Hemakuta Hill

Panorama of Virupaksha temple seen from southeast

Eastern gateway (gopuram) of the Virupaksha temple viewed from southeast
The nine-tiered eastern gateway, which is the largest at 50 meters (164 ft), is well-proportioned and incorporates some earlier structures.

It has a brick superstructure and a stone base.
It gives access to the outer court containing many sub-shrines.

Detail of the south side of the eastern gateway
Note that on the right side, a woman, flanked by a man and another woman, opens her vulva.

In Hindu temple architecture, such depictions often symbolize fertility, creation, and the divine feminine energy, known as Shakti.
The act of the woman opening her vulva can be seen as a representation of the source of life and the creative power of the universe.
The presence of the man and another woman flanking her might signify the balance and unity of male and female energies, which is a central theme in many Hindu spiritual traditions.
This imagery is not just about physical fertility but also about spiritual and cosmic creation.
It's a powerful reminder of the interconnectedness of all life and the sacredness of the feminine principle in the cosmos.

Eastern gateway (gopuram) of the Virupaksha temple viewed from north
The east gopuram (entrance tower) of the Virupaksha Temple is a stunning example of Dravidian architecture.

The gopuram stands at about 50 meters (164 ft) tall and has nine tiers, making it one of the most prominent features of the temple complex.
The gopuram is adorned with elaborate sculptures and carvings depicting various deities, mythological scenes, and floral motifs.
The base of the gopuram is made of stone, while the upper parts are constructed with brick.
The east gopuram provides access to the inner court of the temple, which houses numerous smaller shrines.
The construction and decoration of the gopuram showcase the use of mathematical concepts, reflecting the advanced architectural knowledge of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Detail of the north side of the eastern gateway
These intricate carvings depict various deities, mythological scenes, and celestial beings, each representing different aspects of Hindu mythology and spirituality.

The figures often include representations of major Hindu gods and goddesses, such as Lord Shiva, Parvati, Vishnu, and Lakshmi. These deities symbolize different aspects of the divine and are central to Hindu worship and mythology.
Many carvings illustrate scenes from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, as well as other mythological stories. These scenes serve to educate and inspire devotees, reminding them of the moral and spiritual lessons embedded in these tales.
Figures of celestial beings, such as apsaras (heavenly nymphs) and gandharvas (celestial musicians), are also common. These beings are associated with the divine and are often depicted in a state of dance or music, symbolizing the joy and beauty of the spiritual realm.
The overall arrangement and choice of figures on the gopuram are not random. They are carefully planned to convey specific spiritual and cultural messages, reflecting the beliefs and values of the Vijayanagara Empire.
The east gopuram, with its intricate carvings, serves as a visual representation of the rich spiritual and cultural heritage of the region. It's a testament to the artistic and architectural brilliance of the Vijayanagara Empire and continues to inspire and awe visitors to this day.

Passing through the eastern gateway of Virupaksha temple

Outer courtyard
The eastern gateway gives access to the outer court containing many sub-shrines.

Krishna Deva Raya Coronation Complex

This ornate hall is believed to be an addition by Krishna Deva Raya, one of the most famous rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire. The hall showcases intricate carvings and detailed sculptures.
The platform where Krishna Deva Raya was coronated is a key feature of the complex. It is a place of historical importance and is often highlighted during reenactments of the coronation ceremony.
The complex is adorned with various decorative elements, including sculptures of deities, floral motifs, and other artistic carvings that reflect the craftsmanship of the Vijayanagara period.
The complex commemorates the grand coronation of Krishna Deva Raya, which marked the beginning of a prosperous era for the Vijayanagara Empire. The site is often celebrated with cultural programs and festivals to honor this historical event.

Smaller eastern gateway
The smaller eastern gateway leads to the inner court with its numerous smaller shrines.

The gateway is designed with intricate carvings and detailed sculptures, showcasing the artistic excellence of the Vijayanagara Empire.
This gateway provides access to the inner court of the temple, which houses numerous smaller shrines and is a significant area for devotees.
The gateway is adorned with various decorative elements, including floral motifs, mythological figures, and other artistic carvings that reflect the cultural and spiritual heritage of the region.
Despite being smaller than the main eastern gopuram, this gateway maintains a sense of proportion and balance, contributing to the overall aesthetic appeal of the temple complex.

Panorama of the inner courtyard

The inner courtyard houses the main shrine dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Lord Shiva. This central sanctum is the focal point for devotees.
Surrounding the main shrine, there are numerous smaller shrines dedicated to various deities, each with its own unique architectural style and sculptures.
The courtyard includes several mandapas, or pillared halls, used for various religious and cultural activities. These halls are adorned with intricate carvings and serve as gathering spaces for devotees.
The courtyard features stone pillars with detailed carvings depicting mythological scenes, deities, and celestial beings, showcasing the artistic excellence of the Vijayanagara Empire.
The inner courtyard provides open spaces for pilgrims to sit, meditate, and perform rituals. These areas are typically shaded and offer a peaceful environment for worship.

Lakshmi's elephant

Elephants are traditionally associated with wealth, prosperity, and royal splendor. Since Lakshmi is the goddess of wealth and prosperity, the elephant signifies these attributes.
One of the forms of Goddess Lakshmi is Gaja Lakshmi, where she is depicted with two elephants on either side, often showering her with water. This image represents abundance, fertility, and the blessings of wealth and well-being.
Elephants, especially in the depiction of Gaja Lakshmi, are shown performing the abhisheka (ritualistic bath) of the goddess with water from their trunks, symbolizing spiritual purity and the washing away of sins.
In temple iconography, elephants often serve as guardians, protecting the sanctity of the temple and the deity within. Their presence is believed to ward off negative energies and bring good fortune to the temple and its devotees.
Elephants are admired for their strength and majesty. These attributes are seen as reflective of the protective and nurturing qualities of Goddess Lakshmi.

Nandi pillared hall (mandapa)

Nandi, the bull, is considered the vahana (vehicle) of Lord Shiva. As such, the Nandi mandapa is strategically placed facing the main shrine, symbolizing Nandi's role as the guardian and constant companion of Shiva.
Nandi represents unyielding devotion and loyalty. Worshippers look to Nandi as an example of steadfast devotion to Shiva.
The Nandi mandapa often features intricate carvings and sculptures, making it a significant cultural and architectural element in the temple complex.
Devotees often stop at the Nandi mandapa to offer prayers before entering the main shrine. This act signifies seeking Nandi's blessings to gain the favor of Lord Shiva.
During festivals and processions, Nandi is often honored, and his pavilion serves as a focal point for various rituals.

East entrance for the open pillared hall of the main temple
The main temple consists of a sanctum, three ante chambers, a pillared hall and an open pillared hall. It is decorated with delicately carved pillars.

Sculpture of a Yali rearing on an elephant, with a character or figure emerging from the elephant's mouth

The Yali, often depicted as a fierce and powerful creature, symbolizes protection and strength. Its placement at the entrance of the temple serves to ward off evil spirits and negative energies, safeguarding the sacred space within.
The act of a character rising from the elephant's mouth can symbolize the triumph of good over evil. The character emerging represents the victory of divine or righteous forces, overcoming obstacles and negative forces represented by the elephant.
Yalis are mythological creatures that blend features of lions, elephants, and other animals, embodying the qualities of these creatures. The combination of a Yali and an elephant in this sculpture highlights a blend of strength, wisdom, and endurance.
Elephants in temple architecture often symbolize guardianship and power. The Yali rearing on the elephant reinforces this guardianship role, offering spiritual protection to the temple and its devotees.
The intricate interplay between the Yali, the elephant, and the emerging character represents the dynamic balance of various spiritual and cosmic forces. It signifies the harmony between different aspects of the universe, including creation, preservation, and destruction.
This sculpture is not just an artistic masterpiece but a profound expression of spiritual themes and protection. Each element of the sculpture contributes to the overall spiritual ambiance of the temple, reminding devotees of the divine forces at play and the eternal struggle between good and evil.

Southern entrance to the main temple
This entrance is used for devotees to do darshan.

Darshan, or "sight," is a pivotal practice in Hindu worship, particularly in Shiva temples.
Darshan involves the act of seeing and being seen by the deity. Devotees come into the presence of the main shrine where the deity is enshrined, usually represented by a Shiva Lingam in Shiva temples.
The practice is based on the belief that by gazing upon the deity, devotees receive divine blessings and spiritual energy. This mutual exchange of sight between the deity and the devotee establishes a direct connection with the divine.
Devotees often enter the garbhagriha (inner sanctum) of the temple, where the main idol or Lingam is housed. This is considered a highly sacred space, and entering it is a significant act of reverence.
During darshan, devotees often bring offerings such as flowers, fruits, and incense. They perform prayers, chants, and sometimes even circumambulate the deity as a mark of respect and devotion.
After darshan, devotees usually receive prasad, which is blessed food or items distributed by the temple priests. Accepting prasad is an integral part of the darshan experience, symbolizing the acceptance of divine blessings.
Darshan is a way for devotees to experience the presence of the divine in a tangible form. It reinforces their faith and devotion.
The act of receiving the sight of the deity is believed to bestow blessings, protection, and spiritual upliftment.
Darshan is also seen as a means of purifying oneself and seeking redemption for one's sins. It is a moment of spiritual renewal and deep connection with the divine.
Overall, darshan is a deeply personal and transformative experience for devotees, fostering a sense of peace, devotion, and spiritual fulfillment.

Inner courtyard seen from the west

Ceiling of the open pillared hall in the main temple
The ceiling of the open pillared hall in the main temple of the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi is adorned with beautiful frescoes and intricate carvings.

Scenes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata are illustrated, showcasing key events and characters from these ancient texts.
Various Hindu deities are depicted, including Lord Shiva, Parvati, Vishnu, and Lakshmi, among others.
Figures of apsaras (heavenly nymphs) and gandharvas (celestial musicians) are also present, adding to the celestial and divine ambiance of the hall.
The ceiling is divided into panels separated by strips of geometric and floral designs, adding to the overall aesthetic appeal.

Entrance door to the sanctum

Marriage of Virupaksha (a form of Lord Shiva) and Parvati

The marriage symbolizes the union of two powerful divine forces—Shiva, representing the dynamic, destructive, and regenerative aspects of the universe, and Parvati, embodying fertility, love, and devotion. This union is seen as the balance of male and female energies, which is essential for cosmic harmony.
The story of their marriage highlights themes of devotion and love. Parvati's unwavering dedication to Shiva, despite numerous challenges, signifies the power of true devotion and faith.
Their marriage is often interpreted as a metaphor for the spiritual journey. Shiva represents pure consciousness, while Parvati symbolizes the material world. Their union signifies the merging of spiritual knowledge with worldly existence, leading to enlightenment.
Together, Shiva and Parvati are considered the divine parents of the universe. Their union is believed to bring fertility and prosperity to the earth, ensuring the continuity of life and creation.
The marriage is celebrated in various festivals and rituals across India, most notably during the festival of Mahashivaratri. These celebrations reinforce the spiritual teachings and cultural traditions associated with their divine union.
In essence, the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is a powerful symbol of balance, devotion, and the interconnectedness of all life. Their story continues to inspire and guide devotees on their spiritual paths.

Erotic scene on one of the walls of the inner courtyard

Inner courtyard seen from the west
Note the colored powder drawings on the floor of the internal courtyard. This colored powder drawings are known as rangoli (or kolam in Tamil Nadu). These beautiful, intricate designs are created using colored powders, rice flour, or flower petals.

Rangoli designs are often placed at the entrance or in the inner courtyard of temples to welcome deities and create a sacred, inviting atmosphere for the divine presence.
The patterns typically include auspicious symbols like lotus flowers, conch shells, swastikas, and other geometric shapes that are believed to bring good luck, prosperity, and positive energy.
Creating rangoli is a form of artistic expression that showcases the creativity and skill of the artist. It's a tradition passed down through generations, with each region having its unique styles and motifs.
Rangoli is especially significant during festivals and special occasions. It enhances the celebratory mood and is an integral part of the rituals performed during these times.
Making rangoli is a daily practice in many households, particularly in South India. It is a symbol of hospitality and a way to honor the cultural heritage and traditions of the community.
The practice of drawing rangoli is not only a visual delight but also a spiritually enriching activity that fosters a sense of peace, positivity, and connection to the divine.

Monkeys in the inner courtyard

Monkeys are often associated with Hanuman, who is revered as a symbol of strength, devotion, and loyalty.
In Hindu mythology, Hanuman is a devoted follower of Rama and is known for his incredible feats of strength and devotion.
The presence of monkeys at the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi can be seen as a tribute to Hanuman and his spiritual significance.
Hanuman is believed to be the son of the wind god, Vayu, and is often depicted with a mace and a picture of Rama on his chest.
His presence in temples is thought to bring protection, strength, and blessings to devotees.
The monkeys at the Virupaksha Temple are likely seen as messengers or representations of Hanuman, symbolizing the same qualities of devotion and strength.

Exiting through the north gate

The gopuram towards north, known as the Kanakagiri gopura, leads to a small enclosure with subsidiary shrines and eventually to the Tungabhadra River.
A narrow channel of the Tungabhadra River flows along the temple's terrace and then descends to the temple-kitchen and out through the outer court.

Panorama of Manmatha tank

The tank serves as a sacred water body used for ritualistic purposes, including purification before entering the temple. It is connected to the Tungabhadra River through ductworks, ensuring a continuous supply of water.
A long row of shrines, some dating back to the 8th century, are situated along the northern edge of the tank. These shrines, though many are now non-functional, add to the historical and spiritual significance of the area.
One notable shrine along the tank is dedicated to Goddess Durga, known as Mahishasura Mardini (the slayer of the buffalo demon). This shrine features a detailed icon of Durga in her warrior form, showcasing her victory over the demon Mahishasura.
The tank is surrounded by rectangular stone blocks forming steps, often painted with white and brick-red vertical strips, a typical feature of Hindu temple architecture.
Exiting the tank area, there is a gateway resembling a pavilion, leading to the riverside and a sacred bathing spot.
The Manmatha Tank is not just a functional element but also a spiritually enriching space that enhances the temple's sacred environment.

Bazaar street (Virupaksha Bazaar) in front of the Virupaksha Temple

During the Vijayanagara Empire, this street was a bustling marketplace where merchants traded a variety of goods, including precious stones, silk clothes, jewelry, and even domesticated animals like cows and horses. It was a thriving center of commerce and trade.
The street is lined with ruins of pavilions that once housed wealthy merchants and served as shops. These pavilions, some of which are two stories high, are a testament to the architectural grandeur of the era.
The bazaar street continues to function as a market today, albeit on a smaller scale. It remains a popular spot for tourists to buy souvenirs and local handicrafts.
The street is also the venue for the Hampi Utsav, a cultural festival that attracts tourists and celebrates the rich heritage of the region.
The Virupaksha Bazaar is not just a historical site but a living part of Hampi's heritage, offering a glimpse into the past while continuing to serve the local community and visitors alike.

Panorama of Bazaar street (Virupaksha Bazaar) seen from east

Indian langurs on Bazaar street (Virupaksha Bazaar)
Hampi, known for its stunning ruins and rich history, is also home to a thriving population of Indian langurs. These monkeys are native to various parts of the Indian subcontinent, including South India where Hampi is located.

The rocky terrain and dense vegetation of Hampi provide an ideal environment for langurs.
Langurs are often found near temples and historic sites in India. They’re considered sacred in Hindu culture and are sometimes fed by devotees, making these areas attractive spots for them.
The influx of tourists can also contribute, as visitors might feed them or unintentionally provide food sources.
Langurs are a common and fascinating part of the landscape in many parts of India, and their antics often add to the charm of places like Hampi.