Ravanaphadi is one of the oldest rock-cut cave temples in Aihole, India,
located less than a kilometer (0.6 mi) uphill, northeast from the Durga temple
complex.
The temple dates to the 6th century.
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Panorama of Ravanaphadi cave seen from southwest
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Ravanaphadi
«Also called ‘Ravalaphadi’, this is a rock-cut shrine and is a
Shivalaya, but smaller than the Badami ones. Its exterior is simple with
four pillars, and Padmanidhi and Shankhanidhi guards. It has a
rectangular frontage and square inner wall. But the interior has on its
wall tall dancing Shiva with ten hands, equally tall Saptamatrikas
observing Shiva’s dance, rows of beautiful Ganas, and figures of Varaha,
Mahishamardini, and other artistic slender figures. This is assigned to
the 6th Century. The Garbhagriha has a Shivalinga with its Peetha and
they are monolithic, on the walls on the sides are Mahishamardini and
Varaha sculptures and Bhoodevi is seated on Varaha’s shoulder. Outside
the cave there is a platform for Nandi in fine with the Linga in the
Garbhagriha and a monolithic stone pillar.»
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Rectangular frontage, platform for Nandi and monolithic stone
pillar
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Monolithic stone pillar and Nandi
The entrance has an eroded
fluted column and seated Nandi facing the temple sanctum, with several
other small monuments.
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Facade of the cave
The exterior is simple with four pillars,
and Padmanidhi and Shankhanidhi guards.
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Panorama of the interior of Ravanaphadi cave
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Bhringi (left), Shiva (center) and Parvati (right)
Shiva
with three primary river goddesses of Hindu theology (Ganga, Yamuna, and
Saraswati), and he stands with Parvati and the skeletal ascetic Bhringi.
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Bhringi was a devoted sage who worshipped only Lord Shiva, ignoring
Parvati. His story highlights the importance of balance and the unity
of male and female aspects of divinity. After being cursed by Parvati,
he was granted a third leg to support himself, symbolizing the need
for balance and harmony in devotion.
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Together, they represent the union of the male and female principles,
embodying the concept of Ardhanarishvara (the composite form of Shiva
and Parvati). This form signifies the inseparability of the two
energies and the importance of recognizing both aspects in spiritual
practice.
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Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati symbolize the three main sacred rivers of
India, representing purity, sustenance, and knowledge, respectively.
Their presence alongside Shiva and Parvati emphasizes the importance
of these elements in spiritual life and the interconnectedness of
nature and divinity.
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Together, this representation underscores the themes of devotion,
balance, unity, and the sacredness of nature in Hindu spirituality. It
serves as a reminder of the holistic approach to spiritual practice,
where all aspects of life and divinity are interconnected and equally
important.
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Bhringi
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Bhringi was a devoted sage who worshipped Lord Shiva exclusively.
According to the Shiva Purana, Bhringi would perform his daily rituals
at Mount Kailasa, circumambulating Shiva but refusing to acknowledge
Parvati, Shiva's consort. This angered Parvati, who cursed Bhringi,
causing him to lose all his flesh and blood, leaving him as a skeletal
figure. Moved by Bhringi's plight, Shiva granted him a third leg to
support himself.
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Bhringi's story highlights the importance of devotion and the need for
balance in spiritual practice. His unwavering dedication to Shiva,
while neglecting Parvati, symbolizes the tension between male and
female aspects of divinity. The third leg granted by Shiva represents
divine compassion and the necessity of balance in devotion.
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The narrative underscores the inseparability of Shiva and Parvati,
emphasizing that true devotion encompasses both aspects of the divine.
This is further illustrated when Shiva and Parvati merge into
Ardhanarishvara to teach Bhringi a lesson about the unity of male and
female energies.
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Bhringi's transformation from a skeletal figure to a being with a
third leg symbolizes spiritual transformation and redemption. It shows
that even when one's devotion is misguided, divine grace can lead to
enlightenment and balance.
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The story also reflects the divine hierarchy and the respect that
should be accorded to all aspects of the divine. Bhringi's initial
refusal to acknowledge Parvati teaches devotees the importance of
recognizing and respecting the feminine aspect of divinity.
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Bhringi's tale is a powerful reminder of the need for balance,
respect, and the transformative power of divine grace in spiritual
practice. It encourages devotees to embrace both male and female
aspects of the divine in their worship.
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Shiva Nataraja with Ganesha and Kartikeya
This ten–armed
Shiva is represented as dancing on his raised feet. The upper hands hold
out the snake giving compositional value to the movement.
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Shiva's raised foot symbolizes liberation and upliftment of souls. His
dancing pose represents the cosmic dance of creation, preservation,
and destruction, illustrating the rhythm and harmony of the universe.
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The snake, which Shiva holds in his upper hands, signifies kundalini
(cosmic energy) and the power of transformation and regeneration. The
serpent represents the awakening of spiritual power within a devotee.
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This dance, known as Ananda Tandava (Dance of Bliss), signifies the
cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction. It is a dynamic
expression of the five activities of Shiva: creation (Srishti),
protection (Sthiti), destruction (Samhara), embodiment (Tirobhava),
and release (Anugraha).
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Together, these elements highlight the idea that the divine dance
leads to the spiritual liberation of the soul. It emphasizes the
interconnectedness of life, the universe, and the ultimate reality
that is beyond time and space.
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The symbolism of Nataraja is a powerful reminder of the cyclical
nature of the universe and the divine energy that permeates all
existence. The dance of Shiva is both a cosmic and spiritual symbol,
reflecting the profound truths of life and the universe.
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Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati)
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Ardhanarishvara represents the ultimate unity and harmony of masculine
(Shiva) and feminine (Parvati) principles. This symbolizes that
creation is sustained by the perfect balance and union of these
complementary forces.
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The form signifies the concept of Advaita (non-duality) in Hindu
philosophy, where the divine is seen as a single entity that
encompasses both male and female aspects. It teaches that all
dualities—male and female, light and dark, creation and
destruction—are part of the one absolute reality.
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The depiction emphasizes the importance of gender equality and balance
in the cosmic order. It conveys that both masculine and feminine
energies are equally vital for the well-being and functioning of the
universe.
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Ardhanarishvara represents the idea that divinity and creation are
incomplete without the union of both energies. This completeness is
essential for the process of creation, preservation, and
transformation.
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On a personal level, Ardhanarishvara encourages the integration of
one's own masculine and feminine qualities, promoting spiritual growth
and self-realization. It suggests that balance and harmony within
oneself lead to a more fulfilled and enlightened existence.
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The form of Ardhanarishvara also signifies the transformative power of
the divine union. It shows that through the merging of opposites, new
possibilities and realities emerge, leading to spiritual evolution.
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Ardhanarishvara's symbolism is a powerful reminder of the
interconnectedness and interdependence of all aspects of existence,
urging devotees to seek balance and unity in their spiritual journey.
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Saptamatrikas
Seven mothers of Shaktism tradition
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Each Matrika represents a powerful aspect of the feminine divine,
embodying shakti (cosmic energy) and various attributes of different
goddesses. They are often considered manifestations of Adi Shakti, the
primordial cosmic energy.
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The Matrikas are revered as fierce protectors, warding off evil and
destructive forces. They play a crucial role in maintaining cosmic
balance and upholding dharma (moral order).
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Each Matrika is associated with a particular male god (e.g., Brahmani
with Brahma, Vaishnavi with Vishnu), reflecting their role as warrior
goddesses who fight alongside their male counterparts to vanquish
demonic forces.
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Beyond their warrior aspects, the Matrikas are also seen as nurturing
mothers who provide guidance, protection, and blessings to their
devotees. This duality emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the
divine feminine.
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The number seven holds significant spiritual symbolism, often
representing completeness and perfection. The Saptamatrikas symbolize
the complete spectrum of divine feminine energy.
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Worshipping the Saptamatrikas is believed to help devotees attain
spiritual liberation (moksha) by purifying their mind and soul,
removing obstacles, and guiding them on the path of righteousness.
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The Saptamatrikas represent a blend of fierce protection, nurturing
care, and spiritual guidance, embodying the diverse and powerful
aspects of the divine feminine. Their worship encourages a holistic
understanding and appreciation of the feminine principle in
spirituality.
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Shaiva guardian and Harihara (half Shiva half Vishnu)
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Harihara symbolizes the reconciliation and unity of two major Hindu
traditions, Vaishnavism and Shaivism. It signifies that despite their
apparent differences, both traditions worship the same ultimate
reality.
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The depiction represents the harmonious balance of the preserving and
destroying aspects of the divine. Vishnu (Hari) is associated with
preservation and sustenance, while Shiva (Hara) is linked with
destruction and transformation. Together, they signify the cyclical
nature of the universe—creation, preservation, and destruction.
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Harihara highlights the non-dual nature of the supreme reality,
suggesting that the divine encompasses both aspects within itself.
This form teaches that all dualities are ultimately one and part of
the singular divine consciousness.
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The form promotes the idea of spiritual harmony and acceptance,
encouraging devotees to see beyond sectarian differences and recognize
the underlying unity in all forms of divinity.
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Harihara signifies the simultaneous presence of transformation and
sustenance in the spiritual journey. It underscores that spiritual
growth often involves both preserving what is essential and letting go
of what no longer serves us.
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The imagery of Harihara serves as a profound reminder of the
interconnectedness and unity of all aspects of the divine, encouraging
a holistic and inclusive approach to spirituality.
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Vishnu avatar Varaha lifting goddess earth (Bhudevi)
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The primary symbolism is that of restoration and protection. The
Earth, personified as Bhudevi, was submerged in the cosmic ocean by
the demon Hiranyaksha. Vishnu, in his Varaha avatar, rescues Bhudevi,
symbolizing the divine's role in protecting and restoring order to the
cosmos.
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The narrative highlights the eternal struggle between good and evil,
with the divine always intervening to ensure the triumph of
righteousness (dharma). Varaha’s victory over Hiranyaksha signifies
the defeat of chaos and ignorance.
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Lifting Bhudevi from the waters, Varaha brings stability and
sustenance to the earth. This act underscores the importance of
maintaining balance and order in the world, ensuring the well-being of
all creation.
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The story fits into the broader cosmic cycle of creation,
preservation, and destruction. Varaha’s intervention represents the
divine’s role in preserving and sustaining the universe amidst the
cyclical process of creation and destruction.
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Vishnu taking the form of Varaha reflects his boundless compassion and
unwavering duty to protect the universe. It shows the divine’s
willingness to take any form necessary to uphold dharma and ensure the
welfare of all beings.
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The story of Varaha and Bhudevi serves as a symbol of hope and
assurance that no matter how dire the situation, divine intervention
will restore balance and order.
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The Varaha avatar is a powerful reminder of the divine’s role in
maintaining cosmic order and the continuous cycle of preservation and
protection that sustains the universe.
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Durga spearing Mahishasura, the buffalo demon
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The battle between Durga and Mahishasura symbolizes the victory of
good over evil, righteousness over unrighteousness. Durga’s triumph
represents the ultimate power of the divine feminine in overcoming
darkness and ignorance.
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Durga embodies Shakti, the divine feminine energy, and her act of
slaying Mahishasura demonstrates her role as a protector of the
universe. This highlights the protective and nurturing aspects of the
divine feminine, showing that true power lies in righteousness and
compassion.
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Durga’s victory emphasizes the importance of inner strength and
courage in overcoming personal and external challenges. It inspires
devotees to cultivate these virtues in their spiritual journey.
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The narrative underscores the importance of balance and harmony in the
universe. By defeating Mahishasura, who represents chaos and disorder,
Durga restores balance and order, reflecting the cosmic principle of
maintaining harmony.
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Durga’s battle is a powerful symbol of female empowerment. It
celebrates the strength, resilience, and capability of women,
encouraging devotees to recognize and honor these qualities within
themselves and others.
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The story of Durga and Mahishasura highlights the belief in divine
intervention during times of crisis. It reassures devotees that the
divine will come to their aid, helping them overcome obstacles and
achieve spiritual growth.
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Overall, the image of Durga spearing Mahishasura serves as a reminder
of the eternal struggle between good and evil, the power of the divine
feminine, and the importance of moral and spiritual strength in the
face of adversity.
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Shaiva guardian left side
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The left-side guardian, like its counterpart on the right, serves as a
protector of the temple and its sanctity. They symbolize the divine’s
role in guarding against negative energies and ensuring the sacred
space remains pure and holy.
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These guardians often embody specific attributes or aspects of Shiva.
They may represent Shiva’s power to destroy ignorance and evil, his
role as a protector of devotees, or his fierce aspects in the form of
Bhairava or other manifestations.
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The presence of guardians on both sides of the temple entrance
signifies balance and harmony. In a broader spiritual sense, they
remind devotees of the need for balance in their own lives and the
importance of maintaining harmony between different forces and aspects
of existence.
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The guardians mark the threshold between the material world and the
spiritual realm within the temple. They symbolize the transition a
devotee undergoes when entering the temple, leaving behind worldly
concerns and stepping into a space of divine presence and spiritual
reflection.
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Devotees often show respect to these guardians before entering the
temple, acknowledging their role in maintaining the sanctity of the
space. This act of reverence emphasizes the importance of respect for
divine principles and the sacredness of the temple.
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The left-side guardian, together with the right-side guardian,
represents the duality and unity inherent in the divine, as well as
the protective and transformative power of Shiva.
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Shiva lingam inside the sanctum
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The Lingam, often accompanied by the yoni (representing Goddess
Parvati), symbolizes the union of the divine masculine and feminine
principles. This union represents the creation of the universe and the
cycle of life, encompassing creation, preservation, and destruction.
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Unlike anthropomorphic idols, the Lingam is an abstract representation
of Lord Shiva. This abstraction signifies the formless nature of the
divine and the concept that God transcends human attributes and
physical forms.
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The Lingam is considered a cosmic pillar that represents the axis of
the universe. It connects the heavens, earth, and the underworld,
symbolizing the omnipresence and infinite nature of Shiva.
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The placement of the Lingam inside the sanctum emphasizes its role as
a focal point of spiritual energy and divine presence. Worshippers
believe that the sanctum houses the concentrated essence of Shiva’s
power and blessings.
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The Lingam is associated with purity and the process of spiritual
awakening and liberation (moksha). Devotees believe that worshipping
the Lingam can help cleanse the soul, remove obstacles, and guide them
towards enlightenment.
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The Lingam is a timeless symbol, representing the eternal truth and
the unchanging reality amidst the ever-changing universe. It serves as
a reminder of the divine’s constant presence and the deeper spiritual
truths of existence.
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The spiritual significance of the Shiva Lingam inside the sanctum
extends beyond its physical form, serving as a profound symbol of the
divine, the cosmos, and the journey of the soul towards ultimate
liberation.
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See Also
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