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Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India

Thillai Nataraja Temple, also referred as the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Nataraja, the form of Shiva as the lord of dance. This temple is located in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.

The present temple was built in the 10th century when Chidambaram was the capital of the Chola dynasty.

Most of the temple's surviving plan, architecture and structure is from the late 12th and early 13th centuries, with later additions in similar style.

The temple is one of the five elemental lingas in the Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, and considered the subtlest of all Shiva temples (Kovil) in Hinduism. It is also a site for performance arts, including the annual Natyanjali dance festival on Maha Shivaratri.

East tower (gopuram) seen from east
The Hindu Pandyas were liberal supporters of Chidambaram temple, along with other Shiva and Vishnu temples, just like the Chola. Sundara Pandya added the huge eastern gopura at Chidambaram, beginning the colossal gateway tradition.


East gate seen from east

East tower (gopuram) seen from east
Artwork found on the eastern gopuram include Surya, Ganapati, Vishnu, Sridevi (Lakshmi), Tripura Sundari, Brahma, Saraswati, Varuna, Durga, Agni, several rishis, Yamuna goddess, Kama and Rati, Budha, the Vedic sages such as Narada and Agastya, Pantanjali, Somaskanda legend, Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati), Harihara (half Vishnu, half Shiva), several forms of dancing Shiva and others.


Detail of the east tower
Detail of the seven doors, on each of the seven levels, of the east tower. Each door is defended by a guard (Dvarapala) on each side of the door.

  • The gopuram is a monumental tower at the entrance of a temple, often intricately adorned with carvings and statues of deities, mythological figures, and scenes from Hindu epics. It serves as a grand entrance to the sacred space within the temple complex.
  • Mount Kailash, on the other hand, is considered the abode of Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism. It is revered as a sacred mountain in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions. In Hindu mythology, Mount Kailash is seen as the center of the universe and the axis mundi (cosmic axis) where heaven and earth meet.
  • The relationship between the gopuram and Mount Kailash lies in their symbolic representation of ascending to the divine. The towering structure of the gopuram represents the ascent from the earthly realm to the divine, much like Mount Kailash symbolizes a spiritual journey towards enlightenment and union with the divine. The gopuram's height and ornate decoration also reflect the grandeur and majesty of the divine realm, invoking the sacred presence and spiritual significance of Mount Kailash.
  • In essence, both the gopuram and Mount Kailash are architectural and natural manifestations of the human desire to connect with the divine, to transcend the mundane, and to reach for higher spiritual truths.

Panorama of the lower level of the east tower

  • The lower level represents the earthly realm, the starting point of the devotee's journey towards spiritual enlightenment. It's the foundation upon which the entire structure stands, symbolizing stability and the grounding of spiritual practices.
  • Serving as the entrance to the temple, it signifies the transition from the mundane, everyday world to a sacred space. Passing through the lower level of the gopuram, devotees leave behind worldly distractions and prepare themselves for spiritual encounters.
  • The ornate carvings and statues at the lower level are often designed to be seen and appreciated by all, regardless of their spiritual status. This inclusivity underscores the idea that the path to the divine is open to everyone.
  • The lower level is usually adorned with depictions of various deities, mythological scenes, and symbolic motifs. This serves as an introduction to the stories and figures that are central to the temple's spiritual teachings.
  • Statues of guardian deities and mythical creatures at the lower level are believed to offer protection to the temple and its visitors. They also bestow blessings upon those entering the sacred space, ensuring a safe and spiritually uplifting journey.
  • Overall, the lower level of the gopuram is a critical element that bridges the physical and spiritual worlds, inviting devotees to embark on a transformative journey towards divine connection.

Detail of the first level door
On each side of the door we can see a guard (Dvarapala) protecting the entrance to the door.

  • Dvarapalas are protectors who ward off evil spirits and negative influences, ensuring that only those with pure intentions enter the temple. They act as gatekeepers who preserve the sanctity of the sacred space.
  • These guardians often depict fearsome and powerful forms, symbolizing strength, courage, and vigilance. Their imposing presence serves to inspire respect and reverence among devotees.
  • The presence of Dvarapalas also signifies the transition from the mundane world to the spiritual realm. As devotees pass through the guarded doors, they are reminded to leave behind worldly concerns and focus on their spiritual journey.
  • In Hindu cosmology, Dvarapalas are seen as upholders of cosmic order (dharma). Their role is to maintain harmony and balance within the temple, reflecting the larger cosmic structure.
  • Dvarapalas often embody attributes associated with specific deities. For example, they might hold weapons or display mudras (symbolic hand gestures) that are linked to the god or goddess the temple is dedicated to. This serves to create a direct association between the temple guardians and the divine presence within.
  • In essence, the Dvarapalas serve as both protectors and guides, ensuring that the temple remains a sacred and harmonious place for spiritual practices. Their presence enriches the spiritual experience, providing a visual and symbolic reminder of the divine protection and guidance offered to devotees.

Yali is at the top of the tower
Yali is a mythical creature, often depicted as a lion-like figure with features of other animals such as elephants or serpents.

  • Just like the Dvarapalas, Yalis are considered fierce protectors of the temple. Placing them at the top of the gopuram signifies a higher level of guardianship, ensuring the temple is safeguarded from evil forces from above.
  • Yalis embody immense strength, bravery, and virility. Their placement at the top of the gopuram serves as a constant reminder of the might and power of the divine, encouraging devotees to draw strength and courage from their presence.
  • The Yali is often seen as a representation of divine power and the untamed forces of nature. Their presence at the highest point of the gopuram connects the temple to the divine forces that govern the universe.
  • By being positioned at the highest point, Yalis symbolize the peak of spiritual aspirations. Their elevated position encourages devotees to look upwards, both literally and figuratively, as they seek higher spiritual truths and divine grace.
  • The intricacy and creativity involved in depicting Yalis add to the aesthetic grandeur of the gopuram. These elaborate carvings reflect the artistic devotion and craftsmanship dedicated to honoring the divine.
  • In essence, the Yali's placement on top of the gopuram enhances the temple's spiritual atmosphere, providing protection, inspiration, and a connection to divine power. Their formidable presence serves as a beacon of strength and an emblem of the temple's sacred significance.

The eastern gopura wall shows all 108 dance postures from the Natya Shastra

  • The 108 dance postures from the Natya Shastra are known as Karanas.
  • These are detailed dance movements described in the ancient Indian treatise on performing arts, the Natya Shastra.
  • The Karanas are considered key transitions in classical Indian dance and are believed to have been created by Lord Shiva.
  • Each Karana involves specific leg, hip, body, and arm movements, often accompanied by hand gestures (hasta mudras).
  • These postures are not just physical movements but are imbued with spiritual significance, aiming to spiritually enlighten the spectators.

Dikshitars
Currently, the temple is managed by a community known as Dikshitars.

  • They live in Chidambaram and also serve as the hereditary trustees of the temple.
  • Every Dikshitar once he is married becomes as of right a trustee and archaka of the temple.
  • A practice unique to the community is that the priests wear the tuft of hair in front of the head similar to the Nambuthiri Brahmans of Kerala.

Panorama of Shivaganga pool
The Shivaganga pool symbolizes the sacred union of Lord Shiva and the Ganga (Ganges) River.

  • The Shivaganga pool represents the divine marriage between Lord Shiva and Goddess Ganga. According to mythology, Ganga descended to earth to cleanse the sins of Shiva's devotees, and the Shivaganga pool symbolizes this sacred and purifying union.
  • Water from the Shivaganga pool is considered holy and purifying. Devotees believe that bathing in or using the water from this pool can cleanse them of sins and impurities, bringing spiritual purification and blessings.
  • The Shivaganga pool is often used for various religious rituals and ceremonies. It serves as a vital element in temple rituals, where water from the pool is used for ablutions and offerings, enhancing the spiritual atmosphere of the temple.
  • The presence of the Shivaganga pool within a temple complex signifies the divine presence and blessings of Lord Shiva. It serves as a reminder of the divine grace and protection offered to devotees.
  • The Shivaganga pool also represents the harmonious connection between nature and spirituality. The water body is seen as a natural element that embodies the divine, emphasizing the importance of nature in spiritual practices.
  • Overall, the Shivaganga pool is a powerful symbol of divine union, purification, and the sacredness of water in Hindu spirituality. It serves as a focal point for devotion and spiritual practices within the temple complex.

Panorama of the east side Nataraja Temple

Statues of Shiva, Lakshmi and the two sons

  • Shiva is one of the principal deities in the Hindu trinity (Trimurti), along with Brahma (the Creator) and Vishnu (the Preserver). Shiva's role is to destroy the universe in order to recreate it, symbolizing the cyclical nature of existence.
  • As an ascetic, Shiva embodies self-discipline, meditation, and renunciation. He is often depicted meditating on Mount Kailash, representing inner peace and spiritual focus.
  • Shiva is also associated with powerful forces such as the Tandava (cosmic dance), which represents the rhythmic creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe.
  • Lakshmi is the consort of Lord Vishnu and is revered as the goddess of wealth, fortune, and prosperity. She blesses her devotees with material and spiritual abundance.
  • Lakshmi is often depicted with a lotus flower, symbolizing purity, beauty, and spiritual grace. Her presence signifies auspiciousness and the blessings of a good life.
  • As a nurturing figure, Lakshmi provides nourishment and protection to her devotees, ensuring their well-being and success.
  • Ganesha, the elephant-headed son of Shiva and Parvati, is worshipped as the remover of obstacles and the god of beginnings. He is invoked before starting any new venture or undertaking.
  • Ganesha is also the god of wisdom, knowledge, and the arts. Students and artists often seek his blessings for success in their endeavors.
  • Despite his unique appearance, Ganesha is widely adored and represents inclusivity, compassion, and acceptance.
  • Kartikeya, also known as Murugan, Skanda, or Subramanya, is the god of war and victory. He is often depicted riding a peacock and wielding a spear, symbolizing his martial prowess and leadership.
  • As a warrior deity, Kartikeya is seen as a protector of the righteous and a defender against evil forces. He is worshipped for courage, strength, and success in battles.
  • Kartikeya embodies the qualities of youth, energy, and determination. His dynamic presence inspires devotion and zeal among his followers.
  • Together, these deities encompass a broad spectrum of human experience and spiritual aspirations. They provide guidance, protection, and blessings to their devotees, each playing a unique and vital role in the divine framework of Hindu belief.

Shiva and Kali

  • Shiva is known as the ascetic god, embodying renunciation, meditation, and the transformative power of destruction and renewal. He is often depicted in a state of deep meditation, symbolizing ultimate inner peace and spiritual discipline.
  • Kali, a powerful form of the goddess Parvati, represents the fierce and destructive aspect of the divine feminine. She is often depicted with a wild, untamed appearance, symbolizing the primordial energy that destroys ignorance, ego, and evil forces.
  • The relationship between Shiva and Kali is symbolic of the dynamic interplay between stillness and activity, creation and destruction, and the masculine and feminine principles in the universe.
  • Shiva and Kali together represent the harmonious balance of opposing cosmic forces. While Shiva embodies stillness, transcendence, and detachment, Kali represents dynamic energy, transformation, and fierce compassion. Their union symbolizes the need for both aspects to maintain cosmic balance and harmony.
  • The coupling of Shiva and Kali signifies the complementary nature of their powers. Shiva's ascetic calmness and Kali's ferocious dynamism create a complete, powerful, and balanced divine entity. This reflects the belief that both destruction and creation are necessary for the sustenance of the universe.
  • The union of Shiva and Kali also symbolizes the path to spiritual enlightenment. Shiva's meditative state and Kali's transformative power together illustrate the journey of shedding ignorance and ego to achieve higher consciousness and ultimate liberation (moksha).
  • Kali's fierce nature, often seen in conjunction with Shiva, underscores the idea of destroying ignorance and negative energies. She is the force that clears obstacles and paves the way for spiritual growth, with Shiva's serene presence providing the foundation for this transformation.
  • In their union, Shiva and Kali represent the inseparable bond between the divine masculine and feminine. This unity serves as a powerful symbol of devotion, love, and the interconnectedness of all aspects of existence.
  • In essence, the divine couple of Shiva and Kali encapsulates the profound spiritual truth that destruction and creation, tranquility and dynamism, and masculine and feminine energies are all essential for the continuous cycle of life and the attainment of spiritual wisdom.

Gateway to the interior of the temple

East tower (gopuram) seen from the west

Panorama of the east tower (gopuram) seen from the west

Panorama of the lower level of the east gate seen from the west
Note the statue of Durga on the left side.


Durga Mahishasuramardini
Durga in her Mahishasuramardini form killing the buffalo demon below her foot. Note the buffalo demon licking the goddess's foot.

  • Durga Mahishasuramardini, an aspect of Goddess Durga, represents a powerful symbol of victory over evil. The name "Mahishasuramardini" translates to "the slayer of the buffalo demon Mahishasura," and this deity is depicted triumphantly subduing or killing Mahishasura.
  • The central theme of Durga Mahishasuramardini is the ultimate victory of good over evil. Her triumph over the demon Mahishasura signifies the destruction of negative forces and the establishment of righteousness and justice.
  • Durga Mahishasuramardini embodies Shakti, the divine feminine energy. She represents strength, courage, and determination, showing that the divine feminine has the power to overcome any obstacle or challenge.
  • As a protector of the righteous, Durga Mahishasuramardini is invoked by devotees for protection, guidance, and support in times of trouble. Her fierce form assures her devotees that she will defend them against all forms of evil.
  • The image of Durga Mahishasuramardini inspires individuals to find their inner strength and courage. She serves as a reminder that one can overcome inner demons and adversities with determination and divine support.
  • The story of Durga Mahishasuramardini serves as a powerful narrative of empowerment, especially for women. It highlights the potential of the divine feminine to lead, protect, and inspire.
  • Beyond the physical act of defeating the demon, Durga Mahishasuramardini's victory represents the triumph of moral and spiritual values. It emphasizes the importance of adhering to righteousness, truth, and virtuous living.
  • The worship of Durga Mahishasuramardini, especially during festivals like Navaratri and Durga Puja, celebrates these themes and reinforces the importance of divine intervention in maintaining cosmic order and moral balance.

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Location

Location: Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu 608001, India