Chennakeshava Temple, Belur, Karnataka, India

Chennakeshava Temple, also referred to as Keshava, Kesava or Vijayanarayana Temple of Belur, is a 12th-century Hindu temple in, Hassan district of Karnataka state, India.

It was commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana in 1117 CE, on the banks of the Yagachi River in Belur, an early Hoysala Empire capital. The temple was built over three generations and took 103 years to finish.

Chennakesava (lit, "handsome Kesava") is a form of the Hindu god Vishnu. The temple is dedicated to Vishnu and has been an active Hindu temple since its founding.

Entrance gate (Gopuram) The compound is entered from the east through a Gopuram added during the repairs of the Vijayanagar empire era.

Children at the entrance to the temple

Gate (Gopuram) seen from west The gopuram is a seven-storey tower, richly decorated with intricate carvings and sculptures. The lower part of the gopuram is made of hard stone, while the upper part is constructed from brick and mortar. The gopuram is adorned with detailed carvings depicting various deities, mythical creatures, and scenes from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The gopuram serves as the grand entrance to the temple, symbolizing the transition from the mundane world to the sacred space of the temple. The intricate carvings and sculptures on the gopuram are believed to offer divine protection and blessings to those who enter the temple. The gopuram showcases the artistic excellence of the Hoysala period, reflecting the cultural and religious heritage of the time. The gopuram of the Chennakeshava Temple is not just an architectural marvel but also a spiritual gateway that connects devotees to the divine.

Panorama of the inner courtyard

Panorama of water tank (Kalyani) A stepped water tank, called kalyani or Vasudeva-sarovara in inscriptions, is found in the northeast corner with two stone elephants on its side. Before entering the temple, devotees often bathe in the water tank to purify themselves physically and spiritually. This act signifies cleansing the mind and body of impurities and preparing to approach the divine. Water is a fundamental element of life. In Hinduism, it represents purity, fertility, and the source of all creation. The tank serves as a reminder of the sustenance provided by the divine. Many temple rituals and ceremonies involve water from the tank. It is used in ablutions, offerings, and various religious rites, symbolizing the presence of sacredness in these acts. Some temple tanks are believed to be linked to mythological stories or have been sanctified by the presence of deities or saints. Bathing in these tanks is thought to bring spiritual merit and blessings. Historically, temple tanks also served as gathering places for the community. They were central to social and religious life, providing a common space for worshipers to congregate.

Garuda statue standing facing Vishnu temple Garuda serves as the mount of Lord Vishnu, symbolizing swiftness, strength, and divine power. As Vishnu's loyal servant, Garuda is seen as a protector of the temple, devotees, and the cosmic order. Known for his bravery and strength, Garuda is often depicted vanquishing serpents (symbolic of evil and ignorance), reinforcing his role as a guardian. Garuda standing facing the Vishnu temple signifies his eternal vigilance and devotion to Lord Vishnu. It symbolizes the ideal devotee's unwavering focus and loyalty towards the divine. Positioned at the entrance or facing the sanctum, Garuda acts as a guide for devotees, helping them connect with Vishnu. He mediates the divine energy, making the sacred space more accessible. Garuda's presence represents the soul's journey towards higher spiritual realms, guided and protected by divine grace. In many Vishnu temples, a Garuda Sthambha (pillar) or statue is placed directly facing the deity, signifying Garuda's perpetual service and his role in maintaining dharma. Garuda’s depiction inspires devotees to aspire for the same level of devotion and service to the divine, embodying qualities of strength, courage, and faith. Garuda's presence thus enhances the spiritual atmosphere of the Vishnu temple, symbolizing protection, devotion, and the aspiration for divine connection.

Panorama of Chennakeshava Temple seen from southeast

Madanika as a divine dancer On capitals of the supporting pillars, are madanakai (Salabhanjika) figures. There were originally 40 madanakai, of which 38 have survived in damaged or good form. Two of these are Durga, three huntresses (with bow), others are dancers in Natya Shastra abhinaya mudra (acting posture), musicians, women dressing or doing make up, a woman with a pet parrot, men making music. A majority of these madanakai figures are also carved into miniatures in the sixth band of the outer wall around the pradakshina patha.

Darpana Sundari is a madanika with mirror

Bands of carvings on the exterior walls The visitor sees numerous artwork during the circumambulation of the temple over the jagati platform in horizontal bands. The bottom band is of elephants with different expressions, as symbolic supporters of the entire structure. Above it is an empty layer, followed by cornice work with a periodic lion face. Above it is another band of scroll and then cornice band, except at the back of the temple where a row of horsemen in various riding positions are depicted.

Fifth band The fifth carved band is of small figurines, mostly females with various expressions facing the viewer, while periodically the band includes Yakshas who face towards the inside of the temple. This layer also has numerous dancers and musicians, as well as professionals with their tools.

Upper bands The band above has pilasters between some of which are carved secular figures mostly females and couples. A nature and creepers band wraps the temple above the pilaster band, with scenes of the Ramayana epic included in this band. Above this layer are scenes from common life depicting kama, artha and dharma. Included here are couples in courtship, eroticism and sexual scenes, followed by couples with children, economic and festive activities. Towards the north outer wall, friezes with scenes from the Mahabharata are portrayed.

Madanika maneuvering monkey pulling the robes

Madanika in drum dance posture

Madanika plating her hair

Madanika as a successful huntress

Shilabalika (celestial maiden) with mirror

Sculpture of Uma-Mahesvara In this depiction, Uma (Parvati) has the head of a horse, symbolizing her role as Kalki, the divine horse-headed goddess. This form represents blind love or unconditional devotion. The sculpture is a powerful representation of the concept of love that transcends reason and logic, embodying the idea of pure, selfless devotion.

Madanika as a singer

Madanika as a world bewitching lady with a lizard on the grill behind

South door of the temple with Hanuman (left) and Garuda (right) Hanuman is the epitome of devotion and selfless service to Lord Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu. His presence symbolizes unwavering devotion, loyalty, and the power of faith. Hanuman represents immense physical and moral strength, courage, and the ability to overcome obstacles. As the vehicle (vahana) of Vishnu, Garuda symbolizes speed, power, and divine protection. Garuda is often depicted battling serpents (symbolic of evil and ignorance), emphasizing his role as a protector and vanquisher of evil. The depiction of Hanuman and Garuda together signifies a balance between devotion (bhakti) and divine power (shakti). Both Hanuman and Garuda serve as guardians of the temple, protecting the sanctity of the sacred space and the devotees entering it. Their presence at the entrance underscores the journey of spiritual ascent, where devotees are guided and protected by both unwavering devotion (Hanuman) and divine power (Garuda). This arrangement creates a spiritually charged atmosphere, reinforcing the values of devotion, strength, and protection as devotees enter the temple to worship Vishnu.

Madanika as a violin player

Madanika arranging curls on the forehead with her right hand while holding a mirror with her other

Madanika as a curled hair beauty

Madanika as huntress

Madanika as drum dancer

The wall also features 80 large reliefs around the temple Of these 32 are of Vishnu, 9 of his avatars (Narasimha, Varaha, Vamana, Ranganatha, Balarama); 4 of Shiva in various forms including Nataraja (with or without Parvati); 2 of Bhairava (Shiva); 2 of Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu); 4 of Surya (Sun god); 5 of Durga and Mahishasuramardini; 1 of Kama and Rati; 1 of Ganesha, Brahma, Saraswati, Garuda and Chandra. Other major reliefs are of Arjuna shooting an arrow to win Draupadi; Ravana lifting the Kailasha; Daksha, Bali and Sukracharya.

Dancing Kali Kali, whose name means "Time" or "Black," represents the transformative power of time, destruction, and renewal. She is often seen as a destroyer of evil forces and a liberator of souls. Kali is the dynamic aspect of Parvati, embodying raw power and energy (Shakti). She is the force that animates the universe and brings about both creation and destruction. Kali’s dance, often depicted as a frenzied and intense Tandava, symbolizes the cyclical nature of the cosmos. Through her dance, she destroys ignorance and ego, paving the way for creation and enlightenment. The dance is also a celebration of her victory over demons, representing the triumph of good over evil and the continuous cycle of life and death. Kali’s dance is seen as a means of liberating souls from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara), leading them towards moksha (spiritual liberation). Despite her fierce appearance, Kali’s dance is an act of profound compassion, aimed at destroying impurities and freeing souls from suffering. Her numerous arms, holding weapons and a severed head, signify her ability to eradicate ignorance and protect her devotees. Kali’s dance teaches the acceptance of change as a necessary part of life and spiritual growth. Her fearsome form encourages devotees to confront their fears and inner darkness, transforming them into strengths. Kali’s dance celebrates the powerful and transformative aspects of the divine feminine, reminding devotees of the strength and nurturing power of the Goddess. This dynamic and intense depiction of Kali through her dance is a reminder of the cyclical nature of life, the transformative power of time, and the eternal victory of good over evil.

Ravana crushed under Mount Kailas Ravana, the demon king of Lanka, was known for his immense pride and arrogance. In his attempt to demonstrate his power, he tried to lift Mount Kailas, the sacred abode of Shiva. This act of hubris symbolizes his inflated ego and desire to challenge the divine. Being crushed under the mountain represents the humbling of his pride, teaching that arrogance and ego can lead to one's downfall. Mount Kailas is revered as the sacred residence of Lord Shiva. Ravana's attempt to lift the mountain and his subsequent crushing underscore the supremacy of divine power. It signifies that no matter how powerful one may seem, divine forces are beyond human control and should be revered with humility and respect. Despite his arrogance, Ravana was also a great devotee of Shiva. When he was trapped under the mountain, he composed and sang hymns in praise of Shiva (known as the Shiva Tandava Stotram). This act of devotion and penance led to his eventual release by Shiva. The story illustrates that sincere devotion and repentance can lead to forgiveness and redemption, even for those who have strayed. The incident symbolizes the balance between cosmic forces. While Ravana's might was formidable, it was ultimately subdued by the divine power of Shiva. This balance is essential for maintaining cosmic order and serves as a reminder that divine power is always greater than worldly power. The story teaches the importance of humility, respect for divine forces, and the potential for redemption through sincere devotion and repentance. It encourages devotees to recognize their limitations and approach the divine with reverence and humility. This legend of Ravana and Mount Kailas is a powerful reminder of the consequences of hubris, the supremacy of the divine, and the possibility of redemption through devotion.

Vishnu avatar Narasimha Hiranyakashipu legend At its core, the legend underscores the idea that divine protection is always available to true devotees. Hiranyakashipu's son, Prahlada, remains steadfast in his devotion to Vishnu despite his father's opposition and cruelty. Narasimha's appearance to save Prahlada illustrates that unwavering faith and devotion to the divine will be rewarded and protected. Hiranyakashipu represents the epitome of arrogance, ego, and tyranny. His quest for immortality and absolute power leads him to challenge the gods. Narasimha's emergence to defeat him signifies the triumph of good over evil and the destruction of tyranny and oppression by divine intervention. Narasimha's form—a combination of man and lion—demonstrates Vishnu's ability to transcend normal boundaries and limitations. Hiranyakashipu's boon, which seemed to make him invincible (no man or beast, inside or outside, day or night, etc., could kill him), is outsmarted by Narasimha's unique form and timing, showing the supremacy of divine will over any boon or curse. The story highlights the concept of cosmic justice and dharma (righteousness). Despite Hiranyakashipu's power and his attempt to subvert cosmic laws, justice prevails through Vishnu's intervention, restoring balance and righteousness. Narasimha's fierce form and his manner of killing Hiranyakashipu (on his lap, at the threshold, at twilight) symbolize the overwhelming power and ferocity that the divine can embody to protect the virtuous and destroy the wicked. This legend serves as a powerful reminder of the protective and just nature of the divine, the importance of faith and devotion, and the ultimate triumph of righteousness over evil.

Brahma Brahma's three heads (sometimes depicted with four) symbolize his ability to see in every direction, encompassing all aspects of creation, the past, present, and future. Each head signifies different attributes and cosmic functions, representing the all-knowing nature of the Creator who brings forth the universe from chaos. The beards on Brahma's faces can be seen as symbols of wisdom and maturity, emphasizing his role as the eternal and wise Creator. In many cultures, a beard is often associated with sagacity and knowledge, reinforcing the idea that Brahma is a source of profound wisdom and understanding.

Vishnu avatar Varaha with Bhudevi legend The primary story involves Vishnu taking the form of Varaha to rescue Bhudevi, who had been submerged in the cosmic ocean by the demon Hiranyaksha. This act symbolizes the restoration of order and balance in the universe. It underscores Vishnu's role as the preserver and protector of the earth and its beings. The Varaha avatar represents the triumph of good over evil. By defeating Hiranyaksha, Vishnu not only saves Bhudevi but also demonstrates that divine forces will always prevail over malevolent ones, reinforcing the moral and ethical dimensions of Hindu philosophy. Varaha, with its immense strength and courage, symbolizes the power of divine intervention. It teaches that divine grace is always available to help overcome the greatest adversities, instilling faith and confidence among devotees. The act of lifting Bhudevi signifies the importance of the earth and nature. It emphasizes the need to respect and protect the environment, highlighting the earth's role in sustaining life and the divine responsibility to nurture and preserve it. The Varaha avatar reaffirms the concept of cosmic order (dharma). By restoring Bhudevi to her rightful place, Vishnu ensures the continuity of the natural order and the stability of the world, reinforcing the interconnectedness of all elements in the universe. This legend is a powerful reminder of Vishnu's protective and preserving role, the importance of moral integrity, and the need to respect and sustain the natural world.

Shiva with trident and sword in his right hands, and drum, vase and severed head in his left hands Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism, is a complex figure symbolizing various aspects of the divine and the cosmos. The trident represents the three fundamental aspects of existence—creation, preservation, and destruction. It symbolizes Shiva's dominion over these three realms, emphasizing his role in maintaining the cosmic order. The sword signifies the destruction of ignorance and the cutting of attachments that bind one to the cycle of birth and death. It also represents the power of discrimination and divine knowledge. The drum symbolizes the cosmic sound of creation and the rhythm of the universe. It is believed that the sound "Om" originated from this drum, marking the beginning of creation. The vase, often containing water or nectar, symbolizes immortality and the elixir of life. It also represents the sustenance and nurturing aspect of Shiva, who supports life and its continuous renewal. The severed head signifies the transcendence of the ego and the cycle of birth and rebirth. It can also represent the annihilation of negative forces and ignorance. These symbols collectively convey Shiva's role as the cosmic dancer (Nataraja), who creates, preserves, and destroys the universe in an endless cycle. They also reflect the profound teachings and spiritual insights embedded in Hindu philosophy.

Shiva Nataraja dancing on elephant head The elephant head represents pride and ego, which are significant obstacles on the spiritual path. Shiva dancing on it symbolizes the triumph of divine consciousness over ego and arrogance. It teaches the importance of humility and the need to conquer one's ego to attain spiritual growth. Elephants are also symbols of material wealth and earthly attachments. By dancing on the elephant head, Shiva illustrates the transformation and purification of material desires into spiritual wisdom, emphasizing the process of inner purification and transcendence. The act signifies Shiva's role as the remover of obstacles, much like Ganesha, who is also associated with elephants. It portrays Shiva's power to eliminate hindrances on the path to spiritual enlightenment, guiding devotees toward liberation (moksha). The dance itself, known as Tandava, is a representation of the cosmic cycles of creation, preservation, and destruction. Dancing on the elephant head adds a layer of complexity, showing that even the most formidable barriers can be overcome through divine energy and cosmic balance. This form of Nataraja serves as a profound reminder of the spiritual journey's challenges and the importance of overcoming pride, ego, and material attachments to achieve a higher state of consciousness.

Vishnu's footprints The footprints of Vishnu are known as Vishnupada (literally "Vishnu's feet"). The footprints represent the divine presence of Lord Vishnu, reminding devotees of his omnipresence and the path he lays out for his followers. They symbolize the righteous path of dharma (duty, righteousness) and the importance of following in the footsteps of the divine for spiritual growth and salvation. Vishnupada signifies the blessings and protection of Vishnu, as touching or seeing these sacred footprints is believed to bring good fortune, prosperity, and spiritual well-being. These carvings serve as focal points of devotion and reflection for worshipers, encouraging them to align their actions and thoughts with the virtues embodied by Vishnu.

Madanika as an proud lady

Madanika as kapalika with skull staff

Madanika as an arch dancer

Madanika with bow of flowers

Madanika dancing to the beat of two drummers

Pilgrims in front of the main door of the Vishnu temple The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, known as Chennakeshava ("handsome Keshava"). Devotees come to offer prayers and seek blessings from the deity. As one of the most revered Vishnu temples in Karnataka, it is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus, attracting devotees from all over India. The temple is an exquisite example of Hoysala architecture, known for its intricate sculptures and detailed carvings. Visitors are often drawn to its aesthetic beauty and craftsmanship. Built in the 12th century, the temple reflects the rich cultural and historical heritage of the Hoysala dynasty. The temple hosts various festivals, such as Vijayanagar Festival, during which devotees participate in special rituals, processions, and cultural events. Regular poojas and rituals are performed, offering a continuous spiritual experience for pilgrims. Pilgrims visit the temple to connect with like-minded devotees, sharing their faith and devotion in a communal setting. The temple serves as a cultural hub, where visitors can learn about and experience the local traditions, art, and history. The Chennakeshava Temple is not just a place of worship but also a site where art, history, and spirituality converge, making it a significant destination for both pilgrims and tourists.

Garuda flanked by makaras above the main door Garuda, the divine eagle, serves as the vahana (vehicle) of Lord Vishnu, symbolizing swiftness, power, and protection. Garuda’s presence signifies unwavering devotion and loyalty to Vishnu, reminding devotees of the virtues of dedication and service to the divine. Makaras are mythical sea creatures often depicted as a combination of terrestrial and aquatic elements, symbolizing the balance between various forces of nature. In Hindu temple architecture, makaras are commonly placed at gateways and thresholds, serving as guardians that protect the sacred space from negative influences. Together, Garuda and the makaras symbolize divine protection and auspiciousness. Garuda’s presence ensures the safeguarding of the temple and its devotees, while the makaras ward off evil and chaotic forces. The combination of Garuda and makaras reflects the cosmic balance maintained by Vishnu, who harmonizes various aspects of the universe through his divine presence and actions. The positioning of Garuda above the main door also symbolizes the soul’s ascent towards higher realms of spirituality, guided and protected by divine forces. This intricate depiction serves as a powerful reminder of the divine protection, balance, and spiritual ascent associated with the worship of Lord Vishnu.

Sala fighting the lion on both sides of the main door The symbol of the Hoysala Empire is a depiction of Sala (also known as Poysala) fighting a tiger or sometimes a lion. According to legend, Sala was a young boy who saved his Jain guru by killing a tiger with a single blow, after his guru encouraged him by saying "Poy Sala" (strike Sala). This act of bravery became the emblem of the Hoysala dynasty and can be seen in almost every temple built by the Hoysalas.

Entering the temple

Interior of the sanctuary Note that in the center of the floor inside the sanctuary there is a platform (Natya Mandapa or Natya Shala) for performing sacred dances. The Natya Mandapa is a dedicated space where ritual dances, known as Natya, are performed. These dances are an integral part of temple rituals and festivals, serving as offerings to the deity. Sacred dances performed on the Natya Mandapa often depict stories from Hindu mythology, celebrating the divine and reinforcing cultural and spiritual values. Dance in Hindu tradition is not just an art form but a means of spiritual expression and devotion. It symbolizes the unity of mind, body, and spirit, allowing devotees and performers to connect deeply with the divine. The Natya Mandapa is a vibrant space of celebration, where music, dance, and worship come together, enhancing the spiritual atmosphere of the temple. The Natya Mandapa is thus a vital element in many Hindu temples, embodying the rich cultural and spiritual heritage of Hinduism.

Coconut breaking area Devotees break coconuts as an offering to Vishnu, and this area is designated for them to do so. Breaking a coconut symbolizes breaking the ego and revealing the inner purity. The hard shell represents the ego and the outer world, while the inner white flesh signifies the pure, inner self. Coconuts are considered auspicious and are offered to deities as a symbol of devotion and surrender. The act of breaking the coconut signifies offering oneself completely to the deity. Just as the coconut is broken to access its contents, breaking a coconut is believed to remove obstacles in one's life. It is a common ritual performed at the beginning of new ventures, ceremonies, or important tasks. The act of breaking a coconut and offering its water is seen as a purification ritual. It symbolizes washing away impurities and negativity, making way for positive energy and blessings. The coconut represents completeness and the concept of Brahman (the ultimate reality). Breaking it is a reminder of the interconnectedness of all creation and the unity of the individual soul with the divine. The designated coconut breaking area in temples ensures that this important ritual is performed with reverence and focus, adding to the spiritual atmosphere of the temple.

Ornate pillar in the mantapa The navaranga hall has forty eight pillars. All except the central four are carved in a unique way. The central four are later additions, added in 1381 CE during the Vijayanagara Empire era, to support the internal structure of a damaged temple. The four central pillars are notable for having been hand carved while the others were lathe turned. The pillars are of three sizes. Two pillars are particularly notable.

Narasimha pillar One notable pillar is the so-called Narasimha pillar which is carved with miniature figures from top to bottom. The pillar is adorned with detailed carvings of miniature figures, including a tiny bull (kadale basava) and various other deities and mythical creatures. Originally, the pillar could rotate, but it no longer does. This feature showcases the advanced craftsmanship of the Hoysala artisans. The base of the pillar features an image of Lord Narasimha, an avatar of Vishnu, depicting him in a fierce yet protective posture. The capital (top part) of the pillar is in a star-shaped (stellate) design, adding to its aesthetic appeal.

Mohini pillar The other notable pillar is the Mohini pillar. Other than the female avatar of Vishnu, the pillar has eight bands of carvings, including those of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, then ten avatars of Vishnu, the eight direction deities, mythical animals with the body of a lion but the face of other wildlife. Mohini represents the enchanting and deluding power of the divine. This aspect emphasizes how the divine can manifest in various forms to achieve cosmic purposes, often involving the preservation of dharma (righteousness). Mohini is famously known for her role in the churning of the ocean of milk (Samudra Manthan). She appeared to distribute the nectar of immortality (amrita) among the gods, ensuring that it did not fall into the hands of the demons. This story underscores the idea of divine intervention and protection of the righteous. Mohini's form signifies the fluidity and adaptability of divine energy, able to manifest in any form needed to restore balance and order in the universe. Vishnu's ability to assume both male and female forms highlights the transcendence of gender in the divine realm, showing that divinity encompasses all aspects of existence. Mohini's enchanting form teaches about the power of illusion (maya) in the material world, encouraging devotees to look beyond superficial appearances to understand deeper spiritual truths. These aspects illustrate the multifaceted nature of Vishnu's avatars and the profound lessons they offer to devotees on the path of righteousness and spiritual growth.

On the capitals of the four pillars are madanikas (Salabhanjika) One represents dancing Saraswati, the Hindu god of knowledge, arts and music. The others are regular dancers, but with different expressions. One is dressing her hair, the other in a Natya posture, and the fourth has a parrot seated on her hand. The head and neck jewelry made of rock are freely mounted and can be moved. The bracelets similarly are movable.

Ceiling In the center of the hall is a large open square, above which is a domed ceiling about 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and 1.8 m (6 ft) deep. At the top is a lotus bud with Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva carved on it. At the bottom of the dome is a series of friezes with the Ramayana story.

Sanctum The mandapa leads to the garbha griya past the pillars and a doorway. The door is flanked by dvarapala, Jaya and Vijaya. Its pediment has Lakshminarayana in center. Below it are musicians playing 12th-century musical instruments. On the side are two makaras with Varuna and Varuni together riding on them. Inside the square sanctum is the image of Keshava, or as inscriptions call it "Vijayanarayana". It stands on a 0.9 m (3 ft) high pedestal, is about 1.8 m (6 ft) high with a halo. It has four hands, with chakra and shankha in the upper hands and a gada and lotus in his lower hands. The halo has cyclical carving of the ten avatars of Vishnu – Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha and Kalki. The temple is an active house of worship, with Keshava dressed and decorated, priests present and devotees doing darshan.

See Also

• Shravanabelagola, Shravanbela Gola (Rural)
• Hoysala Village Resort, Hassan
• Jain Temples, Halebidu
• Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu

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Source

• Chennakeshava Temple, Belur - Wikipedia

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Location